Zillow, First Street, and the Price of Panic: Can Climate Data Be Sued?

When climate “risk” turns into a weapon, the courts eventually notice. The recent lawsuit by Andrew and Eri Uerkwitz against Zillow and First Street Technologies may well mark a turning point in the growing entanglement of climate data, real estate markets, and the casual use of fear to move public sentiment and private profit.

Aerial view of a flooded landscape, showing submerged buildings and trees in a densely populated area.

From Watts Up With That?

By Charles Rotter

An illustration depicting a flooded neighborhood with colorful houses, ducks, and frogs swimming in the water.

When climate “risk” turns into a weapon, the courts eventually notice. The recent lawsuit by Andrew and Eri Uerkwitz against Zillow and First Street Technologies may well mark a turning point in the growing entanglement of climate data, real estate markets, and the casual use of fear to move public sentiment and private profit.

The case, filed in New York County Superior Court, stems from Zillow’s partnership with First Street Technology—a private firm that produces so-called “climate risk data.” The couple’s Chappaqua home, a modest 2,313-square-foot property listed for $1.15 million, carried an ominous flood-risk score of 9 out of 10 on Zillow, indicating “extreme risk.” According to the complaint, this label caused the property to be “stigmatized as materially unsellable at its actual market value,” leading to the eventual sale of the home at a $100,000 loss.

The Uerkwitzes’ experience wasn’t unique—it was simply the first to reach the courts. Buyers, after seeing the 9/10 “extreme flood risk” rating, walked away. The lawsuit contends that the supposed 99% probability of flooding within 30 years was not just exaggerated, but false—contradicting FEMA flood zone maps, on-site inspections, and even the basic topography of the property. As the complaint notes, “The property is not located in a FEMA flood zone, has never flooded, does not require flood insurance, and includes topographical and structural features that preclude a credible risk of flooding”.

This is the first real-world consequence of what might be called algorithmic climate alarmism. Private data firms like First Street market themselves as providing “forward-looking climate risk intelligence,” which sounds scientific but is, in practice, a speculative modeling exercise. In the case of the Uerkwitz home, the model’s dire prediction bore no relationship to empirical evidence. Yet Zillow plastered it across a public listing platform with enormous influence over market perception.

In effect, what First Street did for Zillow mirrors what climate activists have done for years in the political arena: assign numerical certainty to future catastrophe, then treat those numbers as incontrovertible truth. The difference is that, this time, there’s a paper trail, a quantifiable loss, and a defendant.

The plaintiffs are seeking $500,000 in damages—not only for the financial harm but for reputational injury to the property itself. It’s worth noting that Zillow has since quietly modified its listings to include FEMA’s own data and a disclaimer acknowledging potential “discrepancies” between flood assessments. This change, made only after the lawsuit was filed, suggests an implicit recognition that the data being presented may not have been reliable or appropriately contextualized.

This lawsuit raises a broader question that policymakers and data firms have so far ignored: Can private companies—and, by extension, governments—be held legally responsible for propagating unproven climate risk data that materially damages livelihoods? For years, the climate fear industry has operated under the assumption that predictions of doom are protected speech, or at worst, harmless “awareness raising.” But when those predictions affect markets, pricing, and consumer behavior, they cease to be abstract. They become economic actions with measurable consequences.

Consider what’s happening here. A model built on speculative assumptions projects a flood risk decades into the future. That projection is published without clear disclosure of its uncertainties. A buyer, seeing an “extreme risk” badge, walks away. The seller takes a six-figure loss. The model’s authors profit from licensing their data, while the marketplace absorbs the cost. That isn’t science—it’s commercialized fear.

Experts quoted in the piece defend First Street by claiming that FEMA flood maps are “out of date.” This is the standard refrain used to justify the expansion of private climate modeling firms. Yet FEMA’s maps, for all their flaws, are at least grounded in verifiable hydrological and historical data. First Street’s models, by contrast, are proprietary black boxes. They can’t be independently audited or falsified, which means they fail the most basic standard of scientific integrity.

The irony, of course, is that climate modeling’s defenders often accuse skeptics of “denialism.” Yet when their own predictions are challenged in court, the defense will likely rest on the claim that these are mere projections, “not meant to be taken as guarantees.” That argument may shield them from liability—but it also destroys the premise that their models are trustworthy guides for policy or investment.

Compass CEO Robert Reffkin, quoted in the same article, called such listings a “disservice” to homeowners, likening them to “tabloid headlines” designed to attract attention rather than inform buyers. His analogy is apt. Fear sells. Negative headlines, whether about hurricanes or home values, keep the clicks coming. And as long as the public continues to equate model output with objective reality, data firms have every incentive to amplify the drama.

But courts operate differently than activist NGOs or social media algorithms. Judges tend to ask for evidence. If this case proceeds, the discovery process could compel Zillow and First Street to disclose the methods, parameters, and assumptions behind their flood risk calculations. That transparency alone could be devastating to an industry built on proprietary secrecy. The plaintiffs’ attorneys will undoubtedly question how the company arrived at a 99% probability of flooding for a property that has never flooded, not even during major hurricanes Ida or Irene.

The implications reach far beyond real estate. If a climate data firm can be sued for damages arising from exaggerated risk claims, what about investment firms that downrate assets based on speculative climate models? What about insurance companies that raise premiums on the same basis? Or municipalities that depress property values through “resilience zoning” informed by faulty projections?

For years, climate activists have demanded that companies face liability for “climate denial.” The Uerkwitz case suggests that the opposite risk may now emerge liability for climate exaggeration. If a firm’s data can demonstrably harm individuals through reckless presentation of unverified risks, courts may eventually impose the same standards of truthfulness expected in any other field of commerce.

This is not an attack on free speech—it’s a restoration of accountability. When predictions become products, they must meet the same evidentiary threshold as any other market claim. If First Street’s data turns out to be unreliable, then its dissemination through Zillow constitutes not awareness but defamation—against both people and property.

The broader lesson is that “climate transparency” is meaningless without accuracy. In their rush to align with environmental virtue, corporations like Zillow may have opened themselves to a new form of liability: not for ignoring climate change, but for overstating it. Fear, it turns out, is not a harmless marketing tool. It’s a quantifiable liability when it devalues assets, distorts markets, and undermines public trust.

The Uerkwitz lawsuit could be the first of many. If courts begin recognizing that climate risk data can inflict tangible economic harm, the entire architecture of climate fearmongering—from ESG scoring to catastrophe modeling—may soon find itself under legal scrutiny. The age of consequence may finally arrive, not for those who “deny” the crisis, but for those who profit from inventing it.

The Pershore Perplexity – The Myth of “Well Correlated”

Good friend of the “Surface Stations Project” Dr. Eric Huxter has extensively researched the relationship between weather station siting CIMO classifications and modern temperature reading instruments recording unnatural “Spikes“. He has developed this theme over many sites and raised particular concern over the two neighbouring Met Office stations in the Vale of Evesham – Pershore and Pershore College . I would like to further expand upon his work with a recent observation relative to neighbouring Private Weather Stations (PWS) and how this demonstrates there are almost certainly unnatural conditions affecting the Pershore Automatic site.

A weather observation station setup featuring old instruments on a wooden table, with a weathered 'Met Office' sign in the background, surrounded by green grass and rolling hills.

From Tallbloke’s Talkshop

By Ray Sanders

Screenshot of the UK Met Office website showing daily weather extremes for October 23, 2025, highlighting the highest maximum temperature recorded in Pershore at 14.9 °C.

Good friend of the “Surface Stations Project” Dr. Eric Huxter has extensively researched the relationship between weather station siting CIMO classifications and modern temperature reading instruments recording unnatural “Spikes“. He has developed this theme over many sites and raised particular concern over the two neighbouring Met Office stations in the Vale of Evesham – Pershore and Pershore College . I would like to further expand upon his work with a recent observation relative to neighbouring Private Weather Stations (PWS) and how this demonstrates there are almost certainly unnatural conditions affecting the Pershore Automatic site.

The headline image yet again shows the site named “Pershore ” recording the UK highest “extreme” of 14.9°C for the 23rd October. This daily highest for Pershore is quite common. Below are the hourly read outs from weatherobs.com covering the period.

Graph depicting temperature and relative humidity data from the Pershore Automatic weather station over the last seven days, including max and min temperatures and wind statistics.

The headline image named “Pershore” has a hyperlink to a site named “Throckmorton”. This is in fact the exact same aviation site formerly known as RAF Throckmorton. The Met Office uniquely uses this “Throckmorton” name for this exercise, with everywhere else in their archives using the Pershore name. No reason is given for this confusing variation. I shall use “Pershore/Throckmorton” for clarity.

Weather forecast table for Throckmorton, Worcestershire, displaying temperatures and weather conditions for October 22 and 23, with a peak temperature of 14°C on October 23.

Under 6 km from the Pershore/Throckmorton aviation site is the Central England Temperature Series recording station of “Pershore College” with its data also available as below..

Graph showing temperature and relative humidity data from Pershore College over the last 7 days, with red indicating temperature and blue indicating dew point.

The Met Office makes a very big play of its ability to provide estimates for sites when readings are missing by using nearby “Well correlated” sites to fill in gaps……that some of these gaps well exceed 50 years duration rather stretches their credibility into the land of make believe and beyond. Indeed, even when nearby “well correlated” sites show enormous differences, these differences are frequently ignored if their readings contradict the “preferred” outcome. This was clearly demonstrated by the Royal Meteorological Society’s dismissal of the 2003 national highest record at Class 4 (reality Class 5) Faversham site being almost 4°C higher than nearby Class 1 (my assessment) Wye station. The Met Office simply ignored all the real evidence from acknowledged experts in the field. “Well correlated” only seems to apply when it suits the Met Office’s agenda.

This “agenda” seems to also be satisfied by Pershore/Throckmorton in that it regularly delivers those seemingly ever so important “daily extremes” regardless of whatever its near neighbours (and there are lots of them) may suggest. As well as the weatherobs for the College CET site above, below are the daily graphs for local PWS to the west, north and east of Pershore/Thockmorton with the College site to the south.

Firstly “Green Street Weather” 6.5 miles to the west.

Graph showing air temperature and dew point in Celsius for Green Street on October 24, 2025.

“White Ladies Weatherwatcher” 6 miles to the north northwest.

Graph showing air temperature and dew point in Celsius for White Ladies Weatherwatcher from October 23 to October 24, 2025.

Freyr 7 miles to east southeast.

Graph showing hourly air temperature and dew point data for the Freyr observation site on October 24, 2025, with temperatures displayed in Celsius.

And here is a wide area map to aid location from the Met Office WOW site. The Pershore highlighted by the blue dot is the College site, with the traditional “A Frame” layout of RAF Throckmorton seen to the north east.

A map showing weather stations in the area surrounding Pershore in the UK, with a blue dot indicating the location of Pershore College and numbered markers representing various weather data points.

A brief tabulation of all the site’s on the hour readings around the daily maximum period are very illuminating. {n.b. times rendered to GMT, weatherobs records in GMT but WOW as BST}

Station…………………………………….11:00GMT……………………12:00…………………………..13:00

Pershore/Throckmorton…………..11.3°C……………………….14.0°C………………………….11.9°C

Pershore College………………………11.1°C………………………..12.8°C………………………….12.2°C

Green Street……………………………..11.8°C………………………..13.4°C………………………….10.7°C

White Ladies…………………………….11.0°C………………………..13.3°C………………………….11.4°C

Freyr…………………………………………11.1°C………………………..13.0°C………………………….12.5°C

What is quite apparent from the above “on the hour” readings is that whilst all sites were in very close agreement at 11:00GMT (4 out of the 5 within 0.3°C) a significant variance opened up at the 12:00 reading. The two neighbouring Met Office sites showed a discrepancy of 0.2 °C widening to 1.2°C in just 1 hour to 12:00 and every PWS recorded a lot lower than Pershore/Throckmorton.

The latter point of the PWS all recording cooler is a very important one to note. A general criticism of PWS is that they are frequently poorly sited in domestic gardens and prone to over recording temperatures i.e. they “run hot” but none of these are demonstrating that potential issue. Another notable point is the much quicker temperature decline at the aviation site.

Pershore/Throckmorton went on to record the maximum reading of 14.9°C for the day, a remarkably high “spike” relative to the others and well over a degree celsius higher than noted as daily peaks for any of the surrounding PWS.

Since starting this post another day’s daily extremes has been posted and, yet again, our star performer is on stage.

Screenshot of a weather report highlighting the highest maximum temperature recorded in the UK on October 24, 2025, with a value of 14.4°C at Pershore.

Clearly, as Dr Huxter has extensively detailed in his posts, there are compromising issues with the Pershore/Throckmorton site that are elevating this site’s readings. Rather than fill up this post with more graphs I will allow readers to examine the data from the above links – the same pattern is indicated for the following day.

I would also like to ask if any readers in the vicinity of the Vale of Evesham or likely to be travelling that way could assist me and the project by supplying additional site photography. The station is literally alongside the public road named “Long Lane” and “should” be readily visible at the end of the NW/SW runway from the little lay-by there. The image below is from Google Streetview of May 2011.

A view of the Pershore/Throckmorton aviation site, featuring a grassy landscape with a fence, weather station instruments, and nearby structures under a partly cloudy sky.

However the most recent image of the same time of year (May) in 2024 from the exact same spot looks remarkably different.

A view of a rural roadside with overgrown bushes and grass, showing a manhole cover near the edge of a gravel road labeled 'Long Lane'.

I suspect one of the possible reasons for this site running “hotter” than its near neighbours may be from a significant deterioration of its immediate surroundings. Any imagery to confirm the current position would be most welcome – my email address is visible here in this post for anyone to contact me.

In conclusion Dr Huxter is demonstrating multiple discrepancies with this site and I feel I have also produced further straight forward circumstantial evidence that something is wrong. {Hopefully readers may be able to provide more.} The most remarkable problem, though, is that the Met Office are deaf to our inquiries, all of which supports my view that the Met Office are not overly concerned with producing wholly accurate data providing whatever they can produce supports an agenda rather than impartial science. They could easily prove me wrong if I am, but they seem unwilling to engage and even try.

Aussie Climate Minister Slams Queensland’s Reliance on Intermittent Coal

“Over reliance on coal and ‘sweating the asset’ of coal-fired power is [a] far more serious threat to reliability than renewables will ever be.”

A light bulb with a sprouting plant inside, surrounded by glowing particles, set against a forest background.

From Watts Up With That?

Essay by Eric Worrall

“Over reliance on coal and ‘sweating the asset’ of coal-fired power is [a] far more serious threat to reliability than renewables will ever be.”

‘Intermittent’ coal won’t keep the lights on: Bowen

Ryan Cropp Energy and climate reporter

Climate Change and Energy Minister Chris Bowen has ramped up his criticism of the Queensland government’s new energy policy, arguing its plans to indefinitely extend the closure of coal-fired power plants will raise electricity prices and lower reliability.

…

Mining billionaire and clean energy investor Andrew Forrest on Friday said Queensland had incredibly good renewable energy resources, but would be left behind if it remained wedded to old technologies.

…

Critics of renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar farms describe them as intermittent power sources because they can only generate electricity at certain times of day or in response to certain weather conditions.

But Bowen said a major outage at Queensland’s Callide C coal plant in 2021 had raised wholesale prices by $30 per megawatt hour and left half a million people without power, while the average level of coal capacity that was unavailable due to outages increased by 28 per cent in the second quarter of 2025.

…

“Over reliance on coal and ‘sweating the asset’ of coal-fired power is [a] far more serious threat to reliability than renewables will ever be.”

…Read more: https://www.afr.com/policy/energy-and-climate/intermittent-coal-will-push-up-prices-bowen-20251024-p5n4zf

If you are wondering how anyone could ever describe coal as less reliable than renewables, Federal Minister for Climate Change and Energy Chris Bowen has repeatedly demonstrated his rather shaky grasp of engineering. For example, he thinks you can store electricity like water.

What can I say? I’m glad I live in Queensland.

China has announced stricter export controls on rare earth elements

China has repeatedly used these minerals as a bargaining chip in trade discussions as it controls the majority of the global rare-earth supply chain.

A variety of rare earth minerals and ores in different colors and shapes, arranged in piles.

From The Institute for energy research – IER

China has repeatedly used these minerals as a bargaining chip in trade discussions as it controls the majority of the global rare-earth supply chain.

China tightened its rare-earth export controls, expanding on the controls it announced in April. According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, foreign firms will now be required to obtain Chinese government approval to export products that contain even trace amounts of Chinese-origin rare earth materials — or that were produced using Chinese mining, processing, or magnet-making technologies. Products made with certain technologies from China are also subject to the export controls. The restrictions apply to products manufactured outside of China. Overseas defense users will not be granted licenses, and applications related to advanced semiconductors or artificial intelligence development will be approved on a case-by-case basis. Most of the restrictions will take effect on December 1; some took effect with the announcement.

According to CNBC, China now requires foreign entities to obtain a license to export any products containing more than 0.1% domestically sourced rare earths or made using Chinese extraction, refining, magnet-making, or recycling technology. The new rules aim to prevent the “misuse” of rare earth minerals in military and other sensitive applications. Companies linked to foreign militaries or listed under export-control or watch programs will be denied permits, and applications involving potential use in weapons, terrorism, or other military activities will also be rejected. Certain exemptions will apply, such as exports for emergency medical needs or disaster relief. Violators could face severe penalties, including loss of export privileges and legal prosecution.

China is the world’s leader in the processing of rare earths and in rare-earth technology. In 2024, China controlled over 69% of rare earth mine production and nearly half of the world’s reserves, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. China produces over 90% of the world’s processed rare earths and rare-earth magnets. Rare earths require extensive processing, which China is able to do with its massive coal fleet and inexpensive power. Via Reuters, the rare earth group of 17 elements are used in products from electric vehicles to aircraft engines and military radars. This is not the first time that China has imposed export restrictions on rare-earth technologies. In 2010, for example, China cut its rare-earth exports by 40% and cut off supplies to Japan over a territorial dispute, causing prices to soar.

As reported by CNBC, tightened access to rare earths earlier this year disrupted international supply chains. The auto industry was particularly affected by restrictions on rare-earth magnets. While China’s official data showed that those exports have recovered, progress appears uneven. According to the European Chamber of Commerce, one member incurred costs of “millions of euros” while other members cited inconsistent procedures for obtaining export approvals. As of September 9, only 19 out of 141 applicants for rare-earth exports sampled (13.5%) had received approval from China’s Ministry of Commerce.

According to UPI News, prior to this announcement from China, U.S. lawmakers called for more stringent restrictions on the export of chipmaking equipment after finding that U.S. and allied-nation companies have made tens of billions of dollars from selling semiconductor-related equipment to China’s state-owned and military-linked companies.

U.S. Rare Earth Production

From 1940 to 1990, the United States produced and mined its own rare earth minerals at the Mountain Pass mine in California. Until the 1980s, the United States was one of the world’s largest producers, but it was usurped by China due to its substantial deposits, cheap labor, and lax environmental standards. The mine had closed in the fourth quarter of 2015 due to China’s competitive prices, opposition from environmentalists, and U.S. environmental regulations escalating the cost of production, but returned to production in 2018 during President Trump’s first term. It was bought by MP Materials in 2017 from Molycorp, which had run it before it went bankrupt. Today, the Mountain Pass mine is the only U.S.-based facility producing rare earths.

The Mountain Pass mine, however, produces a small fraction compared to China’s production.  President Trump, as part of his America First and Energy Dominance programs, is pursuing opening U.S. mines to produce critical minerals. Recently, he ordered the approval of a proposed 211-mile industrial road in Alaska to allow access to copper, cobalt, and rare earth minerals such as gallium and germanium.

Analysis

Trade tensions and China’s increasingly restrictive rare-earth trade policy require the U.S. to create the conditions for developing mines domestically. One recent example of this is the opening of Ramaco’s Brook Mine in Wyoming. However, the initiative faces formidable challenges, including a cumbersome permitting process that can delay projects by a decade or more, as evidenced by Ramaco’s 17- to 18-year timeline from acquisition to production. China’s entrenched control over 90% of rare earth elements and its ability to manipulate global market dynamics through pricing and supply restrictions further complicates U.S. efforts. Without comprehensive reforms to streamline permitting, the U.S. will lack a supply of critical minerals, undermining national security and economic competitiveness. The success of this endeavor hinges on sustained policy momentum and innovative strategies to overcome both domestic bureaucratic obstacles and global market challenges.

For inquiries, please contact astevens@ierdc.org.

Iceland, Mosquitoes, Climate Change, and Media Unibrows

Those who are today ignorant of natural history are not condemned to say stupid things tomorrow. They are able to avoid the risk of doing so by taking the trouble to educate themselves, just a bit. But why would they, when the only disapprobation for their effluvium comes from people who can be safely ignored, i.e. climate denialists?

Close-up of a mosquito resting on human skin.

From Climate Scepticism

By Jit

Those who are today ignorant of natural history are not condemned to say stupid things tomorrow. They are able to avoid the risk of doing so by taking the trouble to educate themselves, just a bit. But why would they, when the only disapprobation for their effluvium comes from people who can be safely ignored, i.e. climate denialists?

A few days ago, came the news that a mosquito had been found on Iceland for the first time. This factoid rather predictably instantly mutated into a story that we have heard before, in fact one that makes the internet a terribly dull place because of its ubiquity: “See! Something bad has happened, and it’s all your fault, scum who live in relative luxury in Western democracies!”

Naturally, the mosquito in question, or rather the team of three that abseiled into someone’s garden near Reykjavik (all right, they flew in), could only have come there because of the “climate crisis.” It was quite obvious that no mosquitoes had ever colonised a new place before the “climate crisis” got its start, and it was equally clear that Iceland was far too cold until last week for the happy little biters to thrive there. Or perhaps it didn’t matter. If blaming the “climate crisis” for this episode garnered a few clicks, then the reality was really neither here nor there.

The story as related by the BBC, and reported here by Mark:

Headline about mosquitoes found in Iceland for the first time after record heat

Well, if there is any hesitance in drawing a line between climate change and the mosquitoes, I can’t see it there. The essentials of the story, in bullets:

  • Some guy in Iceland, roping for moths, caught three mosquitoes
  • He sent them to an entomologist, who identified them as Culiseta annulata
  • Iceland is cold and has no stagnant water so has been protected against mosquitoes hitherto
  • BUT this year multiple warm records were broken in Iceland
  • The changes are global, and affecting sensitive systems
  • The situation will have to be monitored to see if the mosquitoes are established
  • The guy who found them speculated that they might have come from shipping at the nearby port.

I think that last part was probably the only sensible moment. Up until that point, the chain of reasoning was childlike. But it wasn’t just the BBC. Oh no. It was all over the place, not that I read any of the stories. Well, I opened this one, which looks like it was written by an AU (an Artificial Unintelligence):

Headline about researchers discovering disease-carrying mosquitoes in a new region, with a quote expressing initial suspicion.

Here are a couple of others.

News headlines discussing the discovery of mosquitoes in Iceland, highlighting concerns over climate change.

I know what you’re thinking: in a minute, Jit is going to explain just why this is so dumb.

Well, all right then.

There’s something of a clue in one of those headlines. The middle one. “The last fortress has fallen.” Iceland is the last fortress? It’s not the coldest place, surely? [Let us not count Antarctica.] Anyone would think that there must be mosquitoes in colder places than Iceland, at least if the “last fortress” portentous lingo has the remotest basis in fact? Greenland, for example. It’s pretty cold, isn’t it? The pesky blighters must have already jumped there, thanks to the “climate crisis”?

I am going to quote now from a 19th century account of an encounter with Greenlandish mosquitoes.

This morning, too, we were visited by a still less welcome guest. I awoke to find myself scratching my face vigorously and to see the whole tent full of mosquitoes. We had begun by taking great pleasure in the company of these creatures on the occasion of our first landing on the Greenland coast, but this day cured us completely of any predilections in that way, and if there is a morning of my life on which I look back with unmitigated horror, it is the morning which I now record. I have not ceased to wonder indeed that we retained our reason. As soon as I woke I put on my clothes with all speed and rushed out into the open air to escape my tormentors. But this was but transferring myself from the frying pan to the fire. Whole clouds of these bloodthirsty demons swooped upon my face and hands, the latter being at once covered with what might well have passed for rough woollen gloves.

But breakfast was our greatest trial, for when one cannot get a scrap of food into one’s mouth except it be wrapped in a mantle of mosquitoes, things are come to a pretty pass indeed. We fled to the highest point of rock which was to hand, where a bitter wind was blowing and where we hoped to be allowed to eat our breakfast in peace, and enjoy the only pleasure of the life we led. We ran from one rock to another, hung our handkerchiefs before our faces, pulled down our caps over our necks and ears, struck out and beat the air like lunatics, and in short fought a most desperate encounter against these overwhelming odds, but all in vain. Wherever we stood, wherever we walked or ran, we carried with us, as the sun his planets, each our own little world of satellites, until at last in despair we gave ourselves over to the tormentors, and falling prostrate where we stood suffered our martyrdom unresistingly while we devoured food and mosquitoes with all possible despatch.

You may take five points (points, not pints) if you know or can surmise the author of that passage.

Now, the species in question on the east coast of Greenland was not C. annulata. That I grant. But it was a ferocious biter, now known as Aedes nigripes (it has had a few other names before settling on its presently-preferred one). This beast is found as far north on land as it is possible to go, more or less. For example, Corbet & Downe (1966) found it at 81º49’ on Ellesmere Island, in swarms. It is a species of mosquito that is well adapted to life in the Arctic. It has a single generation per year. The eggs hatch when ponds melt. The larvae develop in the short summer, and the adults emerge, feed on blood if they can find it or nectar if not, then lay eggs. It is in the very cold-hardy egg stage that they survive the winter. And the eggs will not hatch unless they have been through a very cold spell. Some mosquito eggs hatch in 24 hours, but as you might imagine, hatching out in August in Greenland would not be an optimal strategy. So they are adapted to wait until spring to hatch. Their blood meal comes from whatever warm-blooded animal is available, and on Greenland and Ellesmere Island that includes musk oxen, as well as other mammals and birds.

It’s a mosquito that is well adapted to Greenland, and it would be well adapted to the climate of Iceland, if it arrived there now. Iceland is famously home to only one native mammal, the Arctic fox. There are no herds of musk oxen there. So perhaps A. nigripes has been to Iceland but failed to thrive owing to a lack of blood meals (although note as implied above that this species is autogenic, that is, it can produce (some) eggs without a blood meal). The distance between the two countries is relatively small – fortunately for the Icelanders, mosquitoes are terrible fliers.

Unfortunately, less specialised types often find their resting places or larval development places transported around the globe by humans – such as was discovered last week with the sudden appearance of C. annulata in Iceland. In 420 ppm CO2, but no human civilisation, there is not a chance that this mosquito could have made the trip from mainland Europe.

The presence of three individuals probably indicates local breeding. But there is a world of difference between breeding for a generation in Iceland’s summer (record-breaking or otherwise) and surviving its winter. C. annulata does not have a cold-hardy egg stage. It is more or less a continuous breeder. Now, as well as occurring in climes that are warm all year round, it does occur in parts of Europe that get pretty cold in winter. Here, it overwinters as adults in damp places including caves, where the temperature is cold, but not freezing, and is also fairly stable. On Iceland, it could only survive in caves or in artificial places that are neither too hot (homes) or too cold (industrial units). Such places probably exist. So I would not say unequivocally that there is zero chance that C. annulata will become a resident on Iceland.

So, to summarise:

  • Iceland has been warm enough for mosquitoes (albeit a different species) for thousands of years
  • The new record has arisen because the mosquito was transferred to Iceland via shipping
  • The species recorded is not adapted to Arctic conditions, but there is a chance it will persist.
  • If the Greenland mosquito ever gets established on Iceland, the locals will wish that it hadn’t.

/message ends

============

Quiz answer: Fridtjof Nansen, “The First Crossing of Greenland.” Of course, he actually wrote it in Norwegian. What I quoted was translated to English by Hubert Gepp.

Reference: Corbet, P. S., & Downe, A. E. R. (1966). Natural hosts of mosquitoes in northern Ellesmere Island. Arctic, 153-161.

Green Transition? Coal Use Hits Record High

Sustainability Magazine laments despite the success of green energy, the world is burning a lot of coal.

A king figure seated on a throne made of coal, surrounded by factories releasing smoke, and workers gathering coal. The scene depicts the dominance of coal in the industrial landscape.

From Watts Up With That?

Essay by Eric Worrall

Sustainability Magazine laments despite the success of green energy, the world is burning a lot of coal.

Coal Use Hits All-Time High Despite Renewable Energy Boom

By James Darley
October 24, 2025

A report from the World Resources Institute shows global coal consumption reached record levels in 2024, threatening 1.5°C warming target as emissions rise

Global coal consumption reached a record high in 2024, according to the World Resources Institute’s annual State of Climate Action report published this week.

The increase occurred despite rapid expansion of renewable energy capacity worldwide.

While coal’s share of electricity generation declined as clean energy surged, overall power demand grew sufficiently to push total coal use to unprecedented levels.

The findings cast doubt on whether countries can meet their climate commitments under the 2015 Paris Agreement.

…

“The message on this is crystal clear. We simply will not limit warming to 1.5C if coal use keeps breaking records.”

…

India’s prime minister, Narendra Modi, celebrated surpassing one billion tonnes of coal production this year.

…Read more: https://sustainabilitymag.com/news/coal-use-hits-all-time-high-despite-renewable-energy-boom

The World Resources State of Climate Action 2025 report is available here, though you need to supply a lot of personal details to download a copy.

It seems pretty obvious what is happening – coal is still be used by manufacturing intensive economies. All green energy policies in places like Europe have done is to relocate manufacturing jobs to India and China. As global energy intensity rises, some of the slack is being taken up by gas, hence the gas boom.

The AI boom is also driving a surge of energy use. Even tech companies like Google, Facebook and Microsoft, once champions of green energy, have been forced to embrace high carbon energy to compete with Asia.

One thing is clear; coal is and will continue to be the backbone underpinning the global manufacturing economy. All green politicians have achieved to date is to push manufacturing jobs out of their countries, into more coal friendly jurisdictions like India and China.

Coal is and will continue to be used until centuries from now when it all finally runs out.

Scientists Demand Ban on Bacon, Claiming Link to 54,000 Cases of Cancer (nitrates-rich meat)

Will life be worth living once all the simple ‘unhealthy’ pleasures are banned with the help of paid studies to trigger cancer?

Close-up of crispy cooked bacon strips, showcasing their rich color and texture.

Will life be worth living once all the simple ‘unhealthy’ pleasures are banned with the help of paid studies to trigger cancer?

Scientists are calling for a ban on supermarket bacon and ham after the chemicals used in their production were linked to more than 50,000 bowel cancer cases. The Daily Mail Online has the story.

A coalition of leading scientists says the refusal to ban nitrites – preservatives used to keep processed meats pink and long-lasting – has come at a devastating human and financial cost, with the NHS footing an estimated £3 billion bill to treat preventable cancers over the past decade.

Their analysis, based on figures from Cancer Research UK and the British Journal of Cancer, estimates that around 5,400 bowel cancer cases each year in the UK are caused by eating processed meats. Treatment costs for each patient average £59,000.

The warning comes exactly ten years after the World Health Organisation‘s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified processed meat as a Group 1 carcinogen – placing it in the same risk category as tobacco and asbestos.

Despite this, ministers have done ‘virtually nothing’ to reduce Britons’ exposure, according to Professor Chris Elliott OBE, founder of the Institute for Global Food Security and a former government adviser.

He said: ‘A decade on from the WHO report, the UK Government has done virtually nothing to reduce exposure to nitrites – the curing agents that make these products pink and long-lasting but also create nitrosamines, compounds known to trigger cancer.

‘Every year of delay means more preventable cancers, more families affected, and greater strain on the NHS.’

The scientists who worked on the original WHO report have now written to Health Secretary Wes Streeting urging him to ban nitrites in processed meats.

Their landmark report, published in 2015, analysed data from more than 800 studies and found that for every 50g of processed meat eaten a day, the risk of colorectal cancer increased by 18 per cent.

Experts say it is specifically the combination of nitrates and processing methods used in meats such as bacon, ham and sausages that generates carcinogenic compounds when consumed.

Currently, up to 90 per cent of bacon sold in the UK is thought to contain nitrites, which have been linked not only to bowel cancer but also breast and prostate cancers.

Professor Robert Turesky, of the University of Minnesota, who contributed to the original WHO report, said: ‘When the IARC report was published in 2015, evidence linking processed meat to cancer was strong.

‘A decade later, it is even stronger, and many preventable cancers have likely occurred. The evidence now calls for public health action.’

Read the full story here.

Armagh DCNN9336 – The UK’s longest running weather station – and a very poor one at that

I had originally intended writing a lengthy review of the UK’s longest running weather station, Armagh, with its almost continuous temperature records from 1790. But then I reconsidered – it is not a good site so why give undue reverence simply due to its age as so many others somewhat irrationally seem to. The object of the Surface Stations Project is to review all sites objectively and scientifically with an end outcome of supplying a reliable reconstruction of the UK’s recent temperature record from only good quality sites.

An impressionistic view of the Armagh Observatory building, featuring a red brick structure with a green dome under a bright blue sky with swirling clouds, surrounded by landscaped gardens.

From Tallbloke’s Talkshop

By Ray Sanders

Aerial view of Armagh Observatory and Planetarium area, showing gardens, buildings, and parking lots.
54.35240, -6.649573 Met Office CIMO Assessed Class 4 Installed in 1790.

I had originally intended writing a lengthy review of the UK’s longest running weather station, Armagh, with its almost continuous temperature records from 1790. But then I reconsidered – it is not a good site so why give undue reverence simply due to its age as so many others somewhat irrationally seem to. The object of the Surface Stations Project is to review all sites objectively and scientifically with an end outcome of supplying a reliable reconstruction of the UK’s recent temperature record from only good quality sites. In the same way that the UK’s second oldest site, Oxford Radcliffe, is very poor so is Armagh and not worthy of including in any accurate temperature reconstruction. In any science, age does not come before beauty, it is facts that matter and the fact is Armagh is not suitable.

I often add site history to my reviews for context. In this case I can offer links to the Armagh Observatory’s own website which detail its extensive site re-locations over time, multiple deficiencies, non-standard equipment and the generally unnatural nature of the site getting progressively worse (more urbanised) as time progressed. My own “untrendy” take on things – but objective and realistic.

Historic black and white photograph of the Armagh Observatory, showcasing its exterior architecture and surrounding landscape. The image features a stone tower and building with a weathered appearance, indicating age and historical significance.

Yet more history is offered here and there are many other sites available detailing this venerable old institution. One point I would like to emphasise is this comment made (note the absurd anemometer location)

A close-up view of the dome and weather instruments at Armagh Observatory, surrounded by trees, with a clear blue sky in the background.

The Royal Greenwich Observatory was relocated to Hurstmonceux in East Sussex because London was no longer a suitable location for astronomy. They now no longer use Hurstmonceux because of the same reason. Thus whilst Armagh might have possibly been a good site in 1790 (when James Six had first designed the first maximum/minimum thermometer that bears his name and also 94 years before final adoption of Stevenson Screens) it certainly has not been good for a very long time.

If all this seems very dismissive of me, then consider that the Met Office themselves have rated this site “Class 4 (additional estimated uncertainty added by siting up to 2 °C)“.

Climate science seems unique to me – I cannot think of any other branch of science that would accept such a remarkably high level of “additional” uncertainties due to poor siting over and above all other inaccuracies, and then quote “averages” to the second decimal part of a degree. The mean is running to two orders of magnitude more precise than the readings can ever possibly warrant on siting alone. When all the other non standard measurement points are included, urban encroachment, calibration changes and instrument changes are added in, the data requires so many “adjustments” to make the readings unrecognisable as truly genuine. Apparently good enough though for “Climate Scientists” who so often seem to cherish “adjustments” and the “creative scope” it offers them.

Conversely, the detailed points I was making with a site such as Wye indicates a long term Class 1 site, with no re-locations, instrument changes nor urbanisation effects to consider. It is those sites of scientific, observation and objective rigour that warrant inclusion and not historical artefacts that have come down to barely more than tourist attractions and computer models.

Horse-drawn carts were the principal mode of transport when Armagh was constructed. Such relics evoke nostalgia when seen on the streets now but incredibly few would use them to get around themselves. Armagh is very old but is not good enough to warrant inclusion in historic temperature reconstruction. And that is about the most I have to offer.