Tag: jet stream

Expect Soon Another PIK Paper Claiming Warming Leads to Cold Snaps Over Europe

The post argues that, as cold weather hits Europe (raising public doubts about global warming amid high energy costs), researchers from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) might soon publish a paper attributing these cold snaps to climate change—specifically via mechanisms like reduced Arctic sea ice weakening the polar vortex and causing a wavier jet stream that allows cold air to spill southward.

A person bundled in warm clothing, with snow and ice covering their face, against a cold backdrop, accompanied by the text 'GLOBAL WARMING' in large letters.

The phrase “Expect Soon Another PIK Paper Claiming Warming Leads To Cold Snaps Over Europe” is blog post published by NoTricksZone.

It appears to be a satirical or mocking prediction amid an ongoing cold spell in Europe in early January 2026.

The post argues that, as cold weather hits Europe (raising public doubts about global warming amid high energy costs), researchers from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) might soon publish a paper attributing these cold snaps to climate change—specifically via mechanisms like reduced Arctic sea ice weakening the polar vortex and causing a wavier jet stream that allows cold air to spill southward.

PIK scientists (e.g., Stefan Rahmstorf, Dim Coumou, and earlier Vladimir Petoukhov in a 2010 paper) have indeed promoted this hypothesis in past winters. They link rapid Arctic warming (Arctic amplification) to more persistent or extreme mid-latitude cold events in Eurasia and Europe.

From No Trick Zone

By P Gosselin 

Winter across Europe has been on the mild side so far – just as predicted by global warming alarmists. But now the weather is about to turn cold.

A cold winter spell is beginning to settle over Europe and there’s a risk the public here might start having doubts about the global warming narrative – especially as heating bills skyrocket and gas reserves run out. Thus, let’s not be surprised if climate-alarm suspects soon rush out another dubious paper claiming that extreme winter cold, too, is a telltale sign of warming.

Just-so story science

This was the case earlier. For example, in 2010, in the middle of a bitter cold winter, PIK scientists Petoukhov et al published a paper, “A link between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents” that found that sea ice loss in the Barents-Kara Seas could triple the probability of cold winter extremes in Europe.

In 2019, Kornhuber et al published a paper, Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern that focused on summer heatwaves, This research tracks the “resonant amplification” of planetary waves that allegedly causes cold air to spill south and stay there for weeks.

PIK researchers, particularly Vladimir Petoukhov, suggest to have identified a specific non-linear relationship, and claim the atmosphere reacts most violently when sea ice concentration is around 40–80% in certain Arctic regions. When the ice disappears, the ocean releases a massive “bubble” of heat into the cold winter air, thus creating a local high-pressure system (an anti-cyclone) over the Arctic. This high-pressure system acts like a physical wall that pushes the Jet Stream south and forces cold, continental winds from Siberia to blow westward into Europe.

Stefan Rahmstorf and his team have also championed the theory, arguing that Arctic warming makes the “waves” in the Jet Stream grow much larger and to move much slower. So, you see warming also leads to unusual cold and harsh winter events across Europe”

As of January 2026, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the broader scientific community have been tracking a highly unusual set of Arctic signals they believe align with the “less ice = harsher winters” mechanism (AMOC slowing, Tipping Points Report in October 2025, and the Arctic Report Card 2025 released just weeks ago.)

According to the PIK, we are no longer looking at “future risks” but rather the live observation of a destabilized system where low ice is creating a “heat dome” over the pole and is forcing the Jet Stream into a “stuck” position, leading to the current cold snaps.

A stylized drawing of a giraffe standing in a savanna landscape with trees in the background.
Just-so science: Giraffes have long necks to reach high leaves. Image generated by Grok AI. 

While the climate scientitsts insist this is well-grounded climate science, skeptics see it for what it really is: a “just-so story” filled with pseudo-profound bullshit and science sophistry. It sounds perfectly logical and satisfying (e.g., giraffes have long necks to reach high leaves), but it lacks empirical evidence to prove it’s actually how things happen.

The “Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research” (PIK) and the reality

A recent study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has shed light on the devastating economic consequences of climate change. In fact, the study was retracted due to concerns over data issues, highlighting the complexities and challenges of climate research.

A dramatic painting depicting a monstrous figure holding a flaming globe, symbolizing environmental destruction, while four scientists in lab coats kneel with their hands clasped in prayer.

A recent study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) has shed light on the devastating economic consequences of climate change. In fact, the study was retracted due to concerns over data issues, highlighting the complexities and challenges of climate research.

From The Klima Nachrichten

By Frank Bosse

We recently reported on this unfortunate PIK study on the economic consequences of the climate.
It had to be withdrawn (after some outcry in the economic world) – unfortunately much too late. The reasons: heavily falsified data in the direction of alarms and far too little assumed uncertainties.

“Isn’t this proven mistake a nice occasion to put other forecasts and climate allocations of PIK to the test?” is a logical conclusion.

Has the certainty of “serious consequences” been exaggerated in such a way for other aspects of the climate? You then inevitably end up with the developments of the jet stream due to climate change.

This strong wind band in the upper troposphere, which blows from west to east at an altitude of 8-12 km, indeed influences the weather here very much. In our latitudes, the pressure structures on the ground follow the course of the jet stream and this is highly variable.

In January 2025, we had once again provided detailed information about some wild hypotheses about the “already visible” changes. “At some point, PIK itself must come to the conclusion that an institute should by definition take care of science and therefore not interpret a “climate impact” into every weather,” one would think.

Far from it! Last summer was quite rainy and that was the reason for an interview with the RBB radio station “Radio eins” on July 21, 2025, with PIK representative Fred Hattermann. From min 1:20 there comes quickly “the old lyre”: “The jet stream is getting weaker because the North Pole is getting warmer with less ice and that leads to extremes with us”. This time, Hattermann referred to the summer rains in Germany. Was it a coincidence that the interview appointment was also the rainiest day (9 mm of rain in the area average of Germany) of the whole summer? Hard to believe!

Was the rain in 2025 unusual overall? A look at data, showing the precipitation in mm/day:

Line graph showing precipitation data in mm/day from June to August, spanning years 1950 to 2022. Red vertical lines represent daily precipitation amounts, while the green line indicates the average precipitation trend.
The figure was generated from E-Obs data using the KNMI Climate Explorer.

Is there a trend (dashed) from 1980 onwards for heavy precipitation on a single day? On how many summer days did it rain more than on this July 21, 2025?

A bar graph illustrating the number of summer days with precipitation exceeding the maximum recorded in 2025, with data points from 1980 to 2025.

By no means a real trend! The 2.5mm/day in the area average is completely inconspicuous in the context of summers back to 1950, as is the maximum daily amount. A real trend from 1980 (onset of modern climate change) is also not discernible, between 2000 and 2010 it became a bit wetter, and the average is now, after a dip until 2021, about where it was in the 80s. So, what’s the truth in the jet stream story, since Arctic sea ice didn’t shrink until after 2000, but no longer after 2011?

Sign displaying the name and address of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) located at Michelsonhaus A 31.

To make a long story short: Nothing at all! In our January article linked above, we also showed why this is so: At the height of the jet stream, the tropics warm up more than the Arctic with climate change. This should lead to a stronger jet stream, not a weaker one, as is often claimed. The PIK representative probably sticks to the “jet weakness fairy tale” against his better knowledge (he should know the current literature on the topic he is talking about!). The years of announcing this erroneous thesis are even reflected in Google AI summaries in searches. If you type in “jet stream change”, it jumps out at you:

“The jet stream is changing due to climate change: the warming of the Arctic (Arctic amplification) reduces the temperature difference with the equator, which tends to make the jet stream weaker …”

A very recent meta-study on the jet stream (published at the end of November 2025) explains the “summer jet stream changes”:

“In summer, Arctic amplification and Rossby wave propagation are both weaker and the stratospheric polar vortex is absent, making these less important among other previously mentioned drivers. … but the agreement across models on the polewards shift suggests that tropical upper-level warming is a major driver in that season.”

There is a very slight northward shift of the jet stream and it becomes somewhat stronger due to the tropical warming caused by climate change.

That is the state of science. However, especially around the jet stream and its development with climate change, there are also huge question marks, including the question of whether the models used are even able to say anything valid about it in our country:

… which raises concerns about the ability of models to capture the North Atlantic jet response to drivers. This discrepancy could have implications for how well models capture the magnitude of the jet response to greenhouse gas forcing…

Apparently, however, the steep and unscientific claims have been hammered into a collective memory with equally unscientific certainty so successfully that “artificial intelligence” has also adopted it. A reminder to focus more on “Human Intelligence” than on “Artificial”!

The question remains why the “jet stream fairy tale” was brought into the world. The answer is obvious: This means that pretty much any weather can be attributed to climate influences.
If it rains little: “Climate impact!”, it rains a lot: “Climate impact!”
Only attention is always the goal, hardly science.

The fairy tale is, so to speak, the Swiss Army knife for all would-be climate impact explainers.

As long as they are always able to place their stories offensively in the media, the widespread superstition will somehow live on. In truth, the climate impact explainers from Potsdam are probably interested in this, not primarily in responsible science, as it should be.

But then the “I” for “institute” in the name PIK would be an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms.
But who can remember an acronym like “PKM” for “Potsdamer Klima Märchen” (Potsdam Climate Fairy Tale)?

False, Washington Post, Heat Isn’t Making “June . . . the new July”

In their recent article, “June is the new July: Why intense summer heat is arriving earlier,” The Washington Post (WaPo) claims that “the heat waves moving in recent days across Canada, the U.S., and northern Europe are part of a dangerous new climate pattern.” This narrative is wrong, or misleading at best. Data does not show a meaningful trend toward earlier or more intense heat waves on a global scale. Evidence suggests that much of the perceived increase in early-season heat can be attributed to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and misinterpretations of regional variability, not to any alarming global shift.

From ClimateRealism

By Anthony Watts

In their recent article, “June is the new July: Why intense summer heat is arriving earlier,” The Washington Post (WaPo) claims that “the heat waves moving in recent days across Canada, the U.S., and northern Europe are part of a dangerous new climate pattern.” This narrative is wrong, or misleading at best. Data does not show a meaningful trend toward earlier or more intense heat waves on a global scale. Evidence suggests that much of the perceived increase in early-season heat can be attributed to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and misinterpretations of regional variability, not to any alarming global shift.

“The heat waves moving in recent days across Canada, the northeastern United States and northern Europe have one thing in common: They are occurring quite early in the season,” writes WaPo, continuing, “That timing speaks to a broader trend, connected to human-caused climate change, . . the hottest 10 years on record have all come during the past decade.”

One of the most critical oversights in WaPo’s article is that it ignores the role the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has on recorded temperatures and trends. The UHI is well-documented phenomenon where cities record significantly higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to concentrated infrastructure, asphalt, and human activity, biasing reported surface station temperature records and averages. As cities expand, the local thermometers used to measure temperature increasingly reflect urban heating, not global trends.

Studies have shown that UHI exaggerates apparent warming trends, especially in densely populated areas. When Toronto, London, and Paris report record-breaking early summer heat, we must ask, whether those records reflect global climate change, or are primarily artifacts of measuring temperatures in increasingly urbanized locations?

NASA’s own research acknowledges this issue, pointing out that urban areas can be several degrees warmer than surrounding rural regions. Also, research published by Roy Spencer, Ph.D., demonstrates that the homogenization process used by NOAA and other agencies tends to blend urban warming into surrounding rural stations, artificially amplifying apparent warming trends. Yet, mainstream media outlets like WaPo, routinely ignore the impact of the UHI on reported temperature trends.

The article repeatedly frames early-season heat waves as evidence of a “dangerous new climate pattern.” However, anyone with a grounding in meteorology can explain weather variability has always caused summers to start earlier or later from year to year. This isn’t new; it’s normal.

Meteorological history tells us that the start of summer-like conditions have naturally fluctuated for centuries, influenced by jet stream patterns, ocean oscillations, and other large-scale global and regional atmospheric drivers. Some years, summer seems to arrive early; other years, it comes late. There is no consistent, demonstrable trend pointing to earlier global summers. The problem is that WaPo takes a handful of recent years and extrapolates a dangerous trend from what is, essentially, a noisy dataset covering a short time frame.

To further support its alarming thesis that summer heat is arriving earlier and lasting longer WaPo cites the University of Maine’s Climate Change Institute’s (CCI) claim that the Northern Hemisphere’s average temperature exceeded 21°C much earlier in recent years than during 1979 through 2000 time period. What WaPo and CCI ignore, however, are the satellite datasets, which are far less affected by UHI and offer a more reliable global measurement. Satellite records have measured significantly lower warming and smaller warming trends. The satellite data from UAH (University of Alabama in Huntsville) indicate that much of the “record heat” narrative is simply not borne out globally.

WaPo also regurgitates the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) claim that heat waves have grown “longer, more frequent, and more intense over the past seven decades.” Yet, the EPA’s claims are undermined by the government’s own data. Data from the National Centers for Environmental Information show that the 1930s, particularly during the Dust Bowl years, experienced some of the most severe heat waves in U.S. history, more severe and extreme than at present.

Climate at a Glance: U.S. Heatwaves presents historical data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which show that heat waves were far more severe in the 1930s than they are today. The number of days exceeding 95°F in the 1930s dwarfs anything seen in recent decades, as seen in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. The annual mean number of days with a daily maximum temperature ≥95°, ≥100° and ≥105° each at 828 NOAA USHCN stations with at least 100 years of daily temperature readings between 1895 and 2023. Graph by Chris Martz from NOAA data at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ushcn/v2.5/

For example, the all-time record high temperature in North America — 134°F in Death Valley — was set in 1913, long before the industrial CO₂ rise that WaPo blames for current heat events. In fact, the heat wave frequency in the mid-20th century was significantly higher than today when looking at unadjusted, rural-only temperature records. Data show that more state heat records were set during the single decade of the 1930s (23) than all the records set or tied in the 55 years since 1970 (16), much less the six records set or tied since 2000, during the supposedly hottest two and a half decades on record.

The article inevitably brings up wildfires in Greece and early glacier melt in the Swiss Alps, as if these local events are proof of a planetary shift. Yet, as has been documented at Climate Realism, wildfires are strongly influenced by forest management practices, human ignition sources, and short-term weather patterns far more than by any modest changes in global temperature.

Similarly, glacier melt is a complex process influenced by snow accumulation, dust deposition, and even localized black carbon from vehicles and industry. The sweeping attribution to CO₂ emissions as the cause is a gross oversimplification that disregards these critical local variables.

This story is yet another example of WaPo failing to do its homework while aggressively pushing the climate alarm narrative. Instead of investigating the well-documented influence of UHI, natural weather variability, and the flaws in climate model projections, WaPo once again does its readers a disservice by defaulting to lazy reporting that assumes all heat is anthropogenic and that any deviation from an arbitrary 20th-century average is cause for panic. They’ve been called out before for this kind of sensationalist reporting here, here, and here, yet they persist, perhaps because fear sells.

As long as media outlets like The Washington Post prioritize climatic clickbait over credible science, they will continue to erode public trust. That’s the real dangerous trend here.

Thanks, NewScientist, for Admitting Climate Change Isn’t Making the Jet Stream More Erratic

NewScientist, a publication dedicated to popularizing science, recently published a post titled “Extreme winter weather isn’t down to a wavier jet stream,” reporting on a new study that shows, the jet stream is not getting wavier in winter months due to climate change. This is true, and it has been evident for some time, but runs counter to assertions commonly made by climate alarmists.

From ClimateRealism

By Linnea Lueken

NewScientist, a publication dedicated to popularizing science, recently published a post titled “Extreme winter weather isn’t down to a wavier jet stream,” reporting on a new study that shows, the jet stream is not getting wavier in winter months due to climate change. This is true, and it has been evident for some time, but runs counter to assertions commonly made by climate alarmists.

NewScientist writes that “[i]ncreasingly erratic winter weather in the northern hemisphere isn’t a result of the polar jet stream getting more wavy, according to new research . . ..”

Although the vast bulk of the article is devoted to insisting that climate change is causing worsening winter and summer weather, claims regularly debunked at Climate Realism, the publication deserves some credit for reporting the study’s results concerning the jet stream, which was, in fact, the focus of the research itself.

The new reports findings are not actually that “new,” in the sense that Climate Realism has reported on research that came to the same conclusion several times in the past few years, here, here, and here, for instance. There is copious evidence showing that not only are cold snaps not uncommon, but that the jet stream’s (and more specifically, polar vortex) influence on extreme winter weather has been acknowledged since at least 1853. Years of studies looking at the frequency of and intensity of polar vortex events have found no consistent trends. As pointed out by my colleague Anthony Watts in this post on the subject, “a 2021 study in the journal Geophysical Research Letters found no statistically significant increase in jet stream waviness or meandering in recent decades,” and he explains there has never been a consensus among scientists when it comes to the issue of polar vortex/jet stream behavior.

The post at NewScientist goes on to explain the new study, saying “recent erratic behaviour isn’t out of the ordinary,” and that the jet stream has been both wavier and less wavy than it is today.

Unfortunately, that is where the NewScientist and the authors of the paper it was discussing ceased to follow the evidence. One of the study’s authors reassured NewScientist that climate change is still “affecting extreme weather events in all sorts of really important ways,” and that the jet stream is actually becoming wavier in the summertime, “where it is getting slower, with bigger waves, which leads to things like big heatwaves, drought, and wildfires.”

This would be compelling if existing data backed up the claim, but, in fact, big heatwaves, drought, and wildfires have not become more frequent or severe in recent decades. Heatwaves were much more severe in the earlier decades of the 20th century, and overall drought has been declining while precipitation increases. Now that it is summer, many outlets are attempting to claim that hot weather is driven by climate change. In doing so they almost always ignore where heat records are being set, as it is often at airports and other heat-absorbing locations, and ignore historical records that show hot summers are not unprecedented.

Similarly, data shows that wildfires were worse in the past with research from NASA and the European Space Agency showing that acreage lost to wildfires has declined markedly over the past few decades.

The NewScientist, and the AGU study it references, should have quit when they were ahead. They should have published their unalarming findings about climate change’s lack of an impact on the winter jet stream without then assuring people that despite their study’s findings, they really are true believers and climate change is making weather worse. The latter point is refuted by real world data.

Why does El Nino Influence West Coast Weather?

In particular, during El Nino years, when the tropical Pacific is warmer than normal, we often experience low pressure off the West Coast, with storms shunted into California.

From The Mass Weather Blog

Cliff Mass

As I have noted in a recent blog, it is no surprise that the low snowpack and warm temperatures have occurred over the Northwest during the past month or so.

This is a very typical pattern during El Nino years.

In particular, during El Nino years, when the tropical Pacific is warmer than normal, we often experience low pressure off the West Coast, with storms shunted into California.

To illustrate the current situation, here is the difference from normal of sea level pressure for the past two months.  You can see the anomalous low pressure to our southwest.

This pattern pushes the jet stream south and leaves California wetter than normal.  But their boom is our bust.

But why does El Nino set up this pattern?

Why do warm sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific associated with El Nino alter the pressure and wind patterns off the West Coast.

The answer to this question was found in the late 1970s and early 1980s by two researchers at the UW:  graduate student John Horel and Professor Mike Wallace.

First, the warm waters of El Nino (illustrated by the shaded area near the equator) perturb the atmosphere above.  

How?  By creating lots of thunderstorms over the warm water.  Thunderstorms that inject huge amounts of energy into the atmosphere (see below).

A series of waves….called Rossby Waves…then propagate into the midlatitudes, causing a series of low and high-pressure pressure areas (note the L’s and H’s in the figure in the figure below). 

 The jet stream….the current of strong winds in the upper troposphere… is distorted by this wave pattern (see the arrows in the figure).  This pattern is generally associated with low pressure off the northern CA coast.

This situation is analogous to throwing a rock into a stream, with waves propagating away from where the rock hits the water.  

In the atmospheric case,  big thunderstorms above the warm water act as the “rock,”

During the next few months as El Nino makes way for La Nina, the central Pacific water will cool, the thunderstorms will shift westward, and the wave pattern change substantially.

Is the jet stream changing? Probably based on climate models.

Dr. Georgios Fragkoulidis uses forecasts based on climate models generated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the U.S. They are based on the assumption that carbon dioxide emissions will continue to rise and remain high and that the Earth’s climate will have warmed by about 4°C by 2100.

Wind velocity and streamlines at an altitude of about 10 kilometers above the Earth’s surface on the onset of a Western Europe heat wave (23 August 2016). Credit: Georgios Fragkoulidis

Heavy precipitation, wind storms, heat waves—when severe weather events such as these occur they are frequently attributed to a wavy jet stream, reports Phys.org.

The jet stream is a powerful air current in the upper troposphere that balances the pressure gradient and Coriolis forces. It is still not known whether the jet stream is really undergoing changes at decadal timescales and, if so, to what extent.

“There are various theories as to what we can expect from the jet stream in future. However, these are all based on highly idealized assumptions,” said Dr. Georgios Fragkoulidis of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU). “Although it is quite clear that carbon dioxide emissions make a direct contribution to the global mean temperature, changes in the atmospheric circulation are highly uncertain due to the chaotic processes that govern its evolution.”

The pattern of changes over the last 40 years

In order to find out what is actually happening to the jet stream, Fragkoulidis analyzed upper-tropospheric wind data of the last 40 years. His objective was to determine how this air current at 10 kilometers above the Earth’s surface in the 1980s differs from that of today and so to assess trends it may undergo over Germany or other locations.

“When the jet stream is particularly wavy, cold air from the north or hot air from the south can reach the atmosphere above Germany, making it more likely for cold spells or heat waves to occur,” he pointed out. As a member of Professor Volkmar Wirth’s Dynamic Meteorology group at the JGU Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Fragkoulidis has conducted research into this particular topic over a number of years. In general, his results indicate that two important aspects characterize the jet stream changes.

“In winter, many regions in the Northern Hemisphere experience positive trends, while these become negative trends in summer. In other words, the jet stream becomes wavier in winter but less so in summer,” Fragkoulidis concluded. As of yet, there is no explanation for this phenomenon that partly contradicts the typical hypothesis, which asserts that the jet stream gets wavier in all seasons.

The other aspect that the Mainz-based researcher identified was that changes to the jet stream are not the same everywhere, but differ from region to region. What happens over North America is not necessarily the same as what happens over China or Europe. “We can’t assess trends on the basis of simple mottos such as ‘The jet stream is becoming wavier’ or ‘The jet stream is becoming less wavy.’ It is far more complicated than that,” he summed up.

Dr. Georgios Fragkoulidis did not only look at the waviness of the jet stream but also at the phase speed of the waves to establish how rapidly the waves moved from west to east. When they propagate slowly, this can result in stationary weather systems associated with heavy rainfall or prolonged periods of high temperatures and even drought.

“Although we may have the impression that it should be otherwise, there has been no significant change to the phase speed of waves in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly over Europe, in the last 40 years,” stated Fragkoulidis. This conclusion also contradicts some conjectures that wave movements are slowing down.

However, the results of his research show that the situation is different in the Southern Hemisphere, where more substantial changes in phase speed are observed. Again, they vary with the season and the region. His findings have been published in Weather and Climate Dynamics.

Forecasts for the end of the century

Fragkoulidis is currently examining hypotheses on how the jet stream may change in future, specifically in the end of the 21st century. For this purpose, he uses forecasts based on climate models generated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the U.S. They are based on the assumption that carbon dioxide emissions will continue to rise and remain high and that the Earth’s climate will have warmed by about 4°C by 2100.

The question is how this scenario could influence the jet stream. In theory, there is no easy answer to this because the warming effect will not be identical across all of the globe. In fact, the oceans will heat up more slowly than the land masses and different heights in the troposphere will heat up at different rates. All these aspects will consequently have an impact on atmospheric circulation.

Despite all the existing uncertainties, the climate model provides some evidence that future summer trends will be similar to those of the past and that the jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere will probably be less wavy towards the end of the century. Besides, it is much more uncertain what the future winter jet stream will look like.

Read the full article here.