{"id":479696,"date":"2026-10-16T12:09:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-16T19:09:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=479696"},"modified":"2026-10-16T12:09:29","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T19:09:29","slug":"deep-magmas-hidden-oxygen-cache-may-have-helped-turn-earth-blue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=479696","title":{"rendered":"Deep Magma\u2019s Hidden Oxygen Cache May Have Helped Turn Earth Blue"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"485\" data-attachment-id=\"479697\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=479697\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1168,784\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;3c914bdc-7f45-4d36-bd27-6959d5b20036&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Signature: 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&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0 Deep Magma\u2019s Hidden Oxygen Cache May Have Helped Turn Earth Blue\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Signature: 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&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?fit=723%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?resize=723%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A vivid digital illustration of a volcanic eruption, showcasing lava bubbling up through a cracked surface, with jets of blue water and steam rising from the fiery core against a dramatic sky.\" class=\"wp-image-479697\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?resize=768%2C516&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?resize=640%2C430&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">AI generated by Grok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A new study shows that silicate magma (molten rock) in Earth\u2019s deep interior can store substantial \u201cexcess oxygen\u201d beyond conventional chemical (stoichiometric) limits, acting like a volatile that is released upon ascent and potentially helping oxidize the shallow Earth and atmosphere.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The research, published in <em>National Science Review<\/em> (DOI: 10.1093\/nsr\/nwag539) and announced by Science China Press (via EurekAlert, 15 October 2026), was led by Dr. Yanhao Lin and Dr. Ho-kwang Mao (Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research \/ HPSTAR), with collaborators including Prof. Haiyang Niu (Northwestern Polytechnical University) and Prof. Wim van Westrenen (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Key findings<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Traditionally, oxygen in magma was assumed to be fixed solely by the amounts and valence states of cations (Si, Mg, Fe, etc.). Unlike H\u2082O or CO\u2082, it was not treated as an independent volatile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High -pressure and high- temperature experiments melted synthetic mid- ocean ridge basalt at 1 atm to 7 GPa (depths of hundreds of km) and 1200- 1800 \u00b0C, using an oxygen source (PtO\u2082). After quenching to glass, researchers measured major elements, H\u2082O, and CO\u2082, then calculated residual \u201cexcess oxygen\u201d after accounting for stoichiometric needs and oxygen bound in water and CO\u2082.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Excess oxygen was near zero at 1 atm but rose to<strong> >5 wt%<\/strong> at 7 GPa. Controls without PtO\u2082 showed only 0.2- 0.5 wt%. Raman spectroscopy indicated the excess is incorporated into the melt and glass structure (not free O\u2082 bubbles). Measured amounts are likely lower limits due to possible loss during quenching.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1147888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2060<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molecular dynamics simulations (using deep neural network potentials with <em>ab initio<\/em> accuracy) on a simplified Mg- Si- O system reproduced the pressure- dependent uptake. As oxygen content rises, oxygen charges become more variable and some peroxide- like O\u2013O bonds form, allowing storage beyond traditional limits. Capacity increases with pressure in a manner analogous to H\u2082O and CO\u2082 solubility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Implications for Earth\u2019s atmosphere<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Magma generated in oxidized deep- mantle regions could carry excess oxygen. As it rises and pressure drops, solubility decreases and O\u2082 is released, potentially oxidizing the shallow mantle, crust, and atmosphere. This offers a direct physical link between deep melting and surface oxidation.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1147888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2060<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The timing aligns with major atmospheric oxygen rises ~2.5- 2.0 billion years ago (<strong>Great Oxidation Event<\/strong> and aftermath), which overlapped with some of Earth\u2019s largest large igneous provinces (LIPs) from deep-sourced magmatism. A rough estimate indicates that release of only ~0.27 wt% excess oxygen from magma erupted in that period could account for all the oxygen in today\u2019s atmosphere.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1147888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2060<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The work reframes magma as an active, pressure- sensitive reservoir in <strong>planetary oxygen cycles<\/strong>. It has implications for magma- ocean evolution, volatile degassing, atmospheric evolution on Earth, and long- term habitability of other terrestrial planets.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1147888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2060<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a recent experimental and computational result proposing a previously unrecognized mechanism; it complements (rather than replaces) other processes involved in <strong>Earth\u2019s oxygenation history<\/strong>, such as biological photosynthesis, changes in volcanic gas composition, and subduction- related recycling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"573\" data-attachment-id=\"479704\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=479704\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?fit=1280%2C1014&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1014\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?fit=723%2C573&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?resize=723%2C573&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Diagram illustrating the Earth's interior layers, including the oxygenated mantle, ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZ), and the iron core, with arrows indicating convection and heat flow.\" class=\"wp-image-479704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?resize=1024%2C811&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?resize=300%2C238&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?resize=768%2C608&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?resize=640%2C507&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-106.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Schematic cross- section of Earth&#8217;s mantle. Magma formed in a deep, oxygen- rich region of the mantle carries excess oxygen upward. As the magma rises and pressure drops, excess oxygen is released (blue dots), which could oxidize the shallow mantle, the crust and the atmosphere. LIP: large igneous province; ULVZ: ultra- low velocity zone. Credit: Science China Press<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>It proposes a previously unrecognized geological mechanism that could have helped oxygenate Earth\u2019s atmosphere, linking deep- mantle melting events to surface oxidation, especially around the time of the Great Oxidation Event.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Core idea<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Silicate magma deep in the Earth can dissolve substantial \u201cexcess\u201d (non- stoichiometric) oxygen as a pressure- dependent volatile, near zero at surface pressure but rising to more than ~5 wt% at pressures above ~5 GPa (hundreds of kilometers depth). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When this oxygen- rich magma rises and pressure drops, the excess oxygen is released as O\u2082. This provides a direct pathway for transporting oxidizing power from the deep interior to the shallow mantle, crust, and atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Relevance to Earth\u2019s history<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T<strong>iming with atmospheric oxygen rise:<\/strong> Major increases in atmospheric oxygen roughly 2.5- 2.0 billion years ago (the Great Oxidation Event and its aftermath) overlap with the emplacement of some of Earth\u2019s largest large igneous provinces (LIPs)\u2014massive volcanic outpourings fed by deep mantle plumes. The new mechanism offers a physical link between these deep magmatic events and surface oxidation.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1147888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2060<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scale of the effect:<\/strong> A rough estimate in the study indicates that if magma erupted during that period released just ~0.27 wt% excess oxygen, the total amount liberated could equal all the oxygen present in today\u2019s atmosphere. Experimental storage capacities at high pressure are an order of magnitude higher, so even partial degassing could have been geologically significant.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1147888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2060<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Broader oxygen cycle:<\/strong> Magma is reframed as an active, dynamic reservoir in planetary oxygen cycles rather than a passive carrier of fixed chemistry. This complements (does not replace) other well-known factors in Earth\u2019s oxygenation history, such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Biological oxygen production by cyanobacteria (photosynthesis).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Changes in the redox state of volcanic gases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Burial of organic carbon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subduction and recycling of oxidized surface materials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Earlier processes such as iron disproportionation in magma oceans that oxidized the mantle after core formation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Additional historical and planetary implications<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It supplies a new way to evaluate early Earth magma- ocean evolution and volatile degassing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The same physics could apply to other rocky planets, affecting whether they develop or retain oxygen- rich atmospheres and long- term habitability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It highlights how deep interior processes can influence surface conditions over billions of years, reinforcing the interconnected nature of Earth\u2019s interior- surface- atmosphere system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, the finding does not overturn the biological or surface- driven explanations for the rise of oxygen, but it adds a plausible deep- Earth contribution that helps explain the coincidence of major atmospheric oxygen increases with large-scale mantle melting events in the Paleoproterozoic. It is a recent experimental and computational result (published 2026 in <em>National Science Review<\/em>), so further work will test how quantitatively important this process was relative to other mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" data-attachment-id=\"479715\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=479715\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,576\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?fit=723%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?resize=723%2C407&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A cross-section view of the Earth's interior showing a magma chamber filled with glowing molten lava and gas bubbles.\" class=\"wp-image-479715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-107.png?resize=640%2C360&amp;ssl=1 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scienmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/stackrss-featured-15740.png\">https:\/\/scienmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/stackrss-featured-15740.png<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Magma as a carrier of non- stoichiometric oxygen linking Earth\u2019s interior and atmosphere<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This is the full open- access research article corresponding to the news story discussed earlier.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Abstract (key points)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Magma generation and transport govern planetary evolution. Although oxygen is the most abundant anion in Earth\u2019s silicate interior, its role in magma has conventionally been ignored, with oxygen contents assumed to be fixed solely by cation stoichiometry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High- pressure and high- temperature experiments combined with molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that silicate magma can incorporate substantially more oxygen than traditional valence- state constraints allow. This <strong>\u201cexcess oxygen\u201d<\/strong> behaves as a previously unrecognized volatile component: its concentration rises from near zero at 1 atm to > \u223c5 wt% above 5 GPa, more than five times the maximum oxygen increase possible in Earth\u2019s solid mantle via iron redox changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As oxygen- rich magmas ascend and decompress, their capacity to hold excess oxygen decreases, driving release of O\u2082. This provides a direct mechanism potentially linking mantle melting to oxidation of Earth\u2019s shallow interior and atmosphere and identifies magma as a dynamic reservoir in planetary oxygen cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Context from the study and press coverage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Experiments used synthetic mid- ocean ridge basalt melted at 1 atm, 7 GPa and 1200- 1800 \u00b0C (with PtO\u2082 as an oxygen source). Excess oxygen was quantified in quenched glasses after accounting for stoichiometric requirements plus H\u2082O and CO\u2082. Values exceed 5 wt% at the highest pressures; controls without the oxygen source showed only 0.2- 0.5 wt%. Raman data indicate structural incorporation rather than free O\u2082 bubbles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simulations (deep neural-network potentials) on a simplified Mg- Si- O system reproduce the pressure- dependent uptake and show broader oxygen charge distributions plus some peroxide- like O\u2013O bonds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Implications include a possible contribution to atmospheric oxygenation ~2.5\u20132.0 billion years ago (Great Oxidation Event period), overlapping with major large igneous provinces. Rough estimates suggest release of only ~0.27 wt% excess oxygen from relevant magmas could supply the amount of O\u2082 in the modern atmosphere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broader relevance: magma- ocean evolution, volatile degassing, and habitability of terrestrial planets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The article is short (9 pages). The publisher page (academic.oup.com) and institutional repositories (e.g., Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) host it under the open- access license.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Journal:<\/strong> <em>National Science Review<\/em>, Volume 13, Issue 18, Article nwag539 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwag539\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1093\/nsr\/nwag539<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>License:<\/strong> Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (open access)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Provided:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/partners\/science-china-press\/\">Science China Press<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Authors:<\/strong> <a href=\"javascript:;\">Yongjiang Xu<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Haiyang Niu<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Wim van Westrenen<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Ruiheng Liu<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Peiyan Wu<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Ho-Kwang Mao<\/a>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Yanhao Lin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"485\" data-attachment-id=\"479723\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=479723\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1168,784\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;d75ad681-1ee6-4029-89b5-2fdca38ef6dd&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Signature: 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&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0 The Great Oxidation Event\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Signature: 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&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?fit=723%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event-1024x687.jpg?resize=723%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A surreal landscape featuring a calm ocean with geysers erupting in the foreground, set against a backdrop of volcanic mountains emitting smoke and lava. The scene contrasts warm tones of orange and red from the volcano with the cool blues of the ocean and sky.\" class=\"wp-image-479723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?resize=768%2C516&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?resize=640%2C430&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-The-Great-Oxidation-Event.jpg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Great Oxidation Event, AI generated by Grok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new study shows that silicate magma (molten rock) in Earth\u2019s deep interior can store substantial \u201cexcess oxygen\u201d beyond conventional chemical (stoichiometric) limits, acting like a volatile that is released upon ascent and potentially helping oxidize the shallow Earth and atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>It proposes a previously unrecognized geological mechanism that could have helped oxygenate Earth\u2019s atmosphere, linking deep- mantle melting events to surface oxidation, especially around the time of the Great Oxidation Event.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":479697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"Discover how deep silicate magma can store excess oxygen, influencing Earth's atmosphere and linking geological processes to atmospheric evolution.","jetpack_seo_html_title":"Excess Oxygen in Magma: A Key to Earth's Atmospheric History","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691846453,691846454,691846452,691843337,691846456,691846457,691846455,691846451,691841537],"class_list":["post-479696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-atmospheric-oxygen","tag-excess-oxygen","tag-earths-oxygenation-history","tag-great-oxidation-event-goe","tag-high-pressure-experiments","tag-oxygen-rich-deep-magmas","tag-peroxide","tag-planetary-oxygen-cycles","tag-volcanic-activity","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-20N2","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":386414,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=386414","url_meta":{"origin":479696,"position":0},"title":"SURPRISING: scientists find ties between Earth\u2019s oxygen and magnetic field","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/02\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"For 540 million years, the ebb and flow in the strength of Earth\u2019s magnetic field has correlated with fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen, according to a newly released analysis by NASA scientists. The research suggests that processes deep inside the Earth might influence habitability on the planet\u2019s surface.","rel":"","context":"In \"Cambrian explosion\"","block_context":{"text":"Cambrian explosion","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=cambrian-explosion"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0Screenshot-2025-07-02-112430.png?fit=1200%2C685&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0Screenshot-2025-07-02-112430.png?fit=1200%2C685&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0Screenshot-2025-07-02-112430.png?fit=1200%2C685&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0Screenshot-2025-07-02-112430.png?fit=1200%2C685&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0Screenshot-2025-07-02-112430.png?fit=1200%2C685&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":479239,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=479239","url_meta":{"origin":479696,"position":1},"title":"Earth\u2019s Mantle Was \u201cBreathing\u201d Oxygen Billion Years Before the Atmosphere","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/15\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Scientists found evidence that Earth\u2019s mantle was interacting with (and being oxidized by) surface oxygen as early as ~3.4 billion years ago, roughly a billion years before the Great Oxidation Event permanently raised atmospheric oxygen levels around 2.3- 2.2 billion years ago. Sanukitoid petrogenesis refers to the origin and formation\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Atmospheric chemistry\"","block_context":{"text":"Atmospheric chemistry","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=atmospheric-chemistry"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Earths-Mantle-Was-Breathing-Oxygen-Billion-Years-Before-the-Atmosphere.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Earths-Mantle-Was-Breathing-Oxygen-Billion-Years-Before-the-Atmosphere.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Earths-Mantle-Was-Breathing-Oxygen-Billion-Years-Before-the-Atmosphere.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Earths-Mantle-Was-Breathing-Oxygen-Billion-Years-Before-the-Atmosphere.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Earths-Mantle-Was-Breathing-Oxygen-Billion-Years-Before-the-Atmosphere.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":447081,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=447081","url_meta":{"origin":479696,"position":2},"title":"Subduction on a Cooling Planet Drove the Stepwise Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/28\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Supercontinent cycles\u2014 the periodic assembly and breakup of Earth's major landmasses\u2014have been linked to oxygenation events through tectonic, erosional, volcanic, and biogeochemical feedback.","rel":"","context":"In \"biogeochemical model (COPSE)\"","block_context":{"text":"biogeochemical model (COPSE)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=biogeochemical-model-copse"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Subduction-on-a-Cooling-Planet-Drove-the-Stepwise-Rise-of-Atmospheric-Oxygen.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Subduction-on-a-Cooling-Planet-Drove-the-Stepwise-Rise-of-Atmospheric-Oxygen.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Subduction-on-a-Cooling-Planet-Drove-the-Stepwise-Rise-of-Atmospheric-Oxygen.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Subduction-on-a-Cooling-Planet-Drove-the-Stepwise-Rise-of-Atmospheric-Oxygen.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Subduction-on-a-Cooling-Planet-Drove-the-Stepwise-Rise-of-Atmospheric-Oxygen.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":388635,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=388635","url_meta":{"origin":479696,"position":3},"title":"Voodoo-science strikes again: Climate change is awakening volcanoes","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/14\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"If ever you have doubts that we are merely 3 genes away* from being mammoth hunting tribes of prophets and bone pointing shamen, look no further than modern captive science. These nice geochemists haven\u2019t even published a paper yet, but five minutes after giving a speech at a conference, it\u2019s\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-1.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-1.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-1.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-1.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":377819,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=377819","url_meta":{"origin":479696,"position":4},"title":"Climate change is causing South Africa to rise and sink at the same time","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/09\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Coal Plant God is at it again \u2014 causing the oceans to swallow South Africa on the one hand and lifting up the land by 2mm a year with the other. (A lucky coincidence that disguises the horrors of rising seas, eh?). Apparently, we used to think the land\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0wp4188433.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0wp4188433.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0wp4188433.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0wp4188433.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0wp4188433.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":442561,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=442561","url_meta":{"origin":479696,"position":5},"title":"Kikai Caldera Refilling: Fresh Melt Re-Injecting into Giant Magma Reservoir 7,300 Years After Massive Eruption","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/04\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"A March 2026 study by Kobe University researchers (published in Communications Earth & Environment) confirms that a large magma reservoir beneath Japan's Kikai Caldera is refilling with new magma.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Kikai-Caldera-Refilling-Fresh-Melt-Re-Injecting-into-Giant-Magma-Reservoir-7300-Years-After-Massive-Eruption.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Kikai-Caldera-Refilling-Fresh-Melt-Re-Injecting-into-Giant-Magma-Reservoir-7300-Years-After-Massive-Eruption.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Kikai-Caldera-Refilling-Fresh-Melt-Re-Injecting-into-Giant-Magma-Reservoir-7300-Years-After-Massive-Eruption.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Kikai-Caldera-Refilling-Fresh-Melt-Re-Injecting-into-Giant-Magma-Reservoir-7300-Years-After-Massive-Eruption.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Kikai-Caldera-Refilling-Fresh-Melt-Re-Injecting-into-Giant-Magma-Reservoir-7300-Years-After-Massive-Eruption.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/0-Deep-Magmas-Hidden-Oxygen-Cache-May-Have-Helped-Turn-Earth-Blue.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/479696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=479696"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/479696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":479729,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/479696\/revisions\/479729"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/479697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=479696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=479696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=479696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}