{"id":464792,"date":"2026-08-22T04:09:09","date_gmt":"2026-08-22T11:09:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=464792"},"modified":"2026-08-22T04:09:11","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T11:09:11","slug":"volcano-myths-unraveled-why-plumes-arent-smoke-and-yellowstone-isnt-about-to-end-civilization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=464792","title":{"rendered":"Volcano Myths Unraveled: Why Plumes Aren\u2019t \u201cSmoke\u201d and Yellowstone Isn\u2019t About to End Civilization"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"485\" data-attachment-id=\"464793\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=464793\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1168,784\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;\\u00fe&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Signature: 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&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0 Volcano Myths Unraveled\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Signature: 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&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?fit=723%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?resize=723%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-464793\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?resize=768%2C516&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?resize=640%2C430&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">AI generated by Grok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volcanic plumes are not \u201csmoke,\u201d and Yellowstone is not an imminent civilization-ending catastrophe. These are two of the most persistent myths about volcanoes, recently addressed (along with 16 others) in a 2026 review paper by an international team of volcanologists published in the Journal of Applied Volcanology.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">News headlines frequently describe volcanoes as \u201cspewing smoke.\u201d This is inaccurate and can downplay real hazards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoke results from combustion (burning organic material, producing soot and related particles).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Volcanic plumes consist primarily of water vapor (steam, often &gt;90% of the gas), other volcanic gases (such as sulfur dioxide), and\u2014during eruptions\u2014volcanic ash. Ash is finely fragmented rock, crystals, and volcanic glass produced when magma is explosively shattered, not burned material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">White plumes are often condensed water droplets (similar to clouds). Darker or denser eruption columns contain ash. \u201cSmoke rings\u201d occasionally seen at volcanoes are also mostly condensed water vapor, not combustion products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calling ash \u201cjust smoke\u201d can lead people to underestimate risks: ash is abrasive (glass shards can irritate eyes and respiratory systems), harmful to aircraft engines (it melts and can cause stalling), and capable of traveling long distances. Practical protections (masks, staying indoors during ashfall, avoiding driving in heavy ash) matter more than the misconception that it \u201cshreds lungs\u201d or routinely causes silicosis\u2014neither of which is supported as a typical outcome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yellowstone (a large caldera system) is frequently portrayed in media, documentaries, and social media as a \u201cticking time bomb,\u201d \u201coverdue\u201d for a supereruption that would end civilization. The USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory and the recent misconceptions paper directly counter this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key facts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Not overdue.<\/strong> Yellowstone\u2019s three known caldera-forming (super)eruptions occurred roughly 2.08, 1.3, and 0.631 million years ago. Averaging the intervals does not create a reliable schedule\u2014volcanoes are complex systems, not clocks. Most volcanic systems do not repeat supereruptions on regular cycles, and many never have more than one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Most activity is far milder.<\/strong> Since the last caldera-forming event, Yellowstone has produced dozens of smaller eruptions, predominantly lava flows (the most recent ~70,000 years ago). Hydrothermal explosions (steam-driven) are more likely near-term hazards than a massive explosive eruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Current state.<\/strong> The shallow magma reservoir is only partially molten (estimates around 5\u201315% melt or less in key parts), insufficient for a supereruption under present conditions. Ground deformation, earthquakes (thousands per year, many in swarms), and hydrothermal activity are normal for the system and are continuously monitored. No signs indicate an imminent large eruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Impacts of a hypothetical large eruption<\/strong> would be severe regionally (ashfall, climate effects lasting years) but claims of planet-  wide extinction or inevitable global collapse exaggerate past events and ignore that even large explosive eruptions have not caused mass extinctions on the scale sometimes claimed. Smaller eruptions or hydrothermal events would have mainly local effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sensational claims often recycle old images, misattribute earthquakes or cracks elsewhere, invent animal \u201cevacuations,\u201d or fabricate drilling accidents. Official monitoring data (publicly available via the <strong>Yellowstone Volcano Observatory<\/strong>) consistently show normal conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The paper groups 18 common misconceptions into themes including seismology, climate links, volcanic systems\/structures (e.g., \u201cmagma chambers\u201d as simple underground lakes, \u201csupervolcanoes,\u201d \u201cPacific Ring of Fire\u201d as a single linked system that can trigger simultaneous eruptions), hazards, timescales (\u201coverdue\u201d), and misleading photos\/footage. It includes case studies from recent events (Agung, Etna, K\u012blauea, La Palma, La Soufri\u00e8re, Taal, and Yellowstone) showing how misinformation spreads faster than ash and can cause unnecessary anxiety or, conversely, underestimation of real risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accurate communication matters because roughly 8% of the world\u2019s population lives in areas potentially affected by volcanic hazards, and hundreds of millions live within 100 km of an active volcano. Reliable sources include volcano observatories (USGS\/HVO, YVO, etc.), peer-reviewed science, and official alerts rather than sensational headlines or unverified social media.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short: plumes are steam, gases and ash, not smoke; Yellowstone is an active but closely watched system whose next activity\u2014if any in the near geological future\u2014is far more likely to be modest than apocalyptic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Phys.org article (\u201cVolcano myths unravel, from &#8216;smoke&#8217; plumes to Yellowstone catastrophe claims,\u201d August 2026) <\/strong>covers a new review paper in the Journal of Applied Volcanology by an international team of volcanologists. It addresses 18 widespread misconceptions about volcanoes, drawn from media analysis and the authors\u2019 experience during real eruptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The paper groups the misconceptions into six themes: seismology, volcanoes and climate, volcanic systems and structures, volcanic hazards, timescales, and photographs\/footage. It includes key facts, research summaries, and seven case studies (Mount Agung, Mount Etna, K\u012blauea, Tajogaite\/La Palma, La Soufri\u00e8re, Taal, and Yellowstone).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A frequent media error is calling volcanic emissions \u201csmoke.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Volcanic plumes are primarily water vapor (steam, often &gt;90% of the gas), other volcanic gases (e.g., SO\u2082), and\u2014during eruptive activity\u2014volcanic ash (tiny fragments of rock, crystals, and volcanic glass produced by explosive fragmentation of magma). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is not combustion smoke. Mislabeling ash as \u201cjust smoke\u201d can lead people to underestimate hazards such as respiratory irritation, abrasion, and risks to aircraft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yellowstone is repeatedly framed as an \u201coverdue\u201d supervolcano poised for a civilization-ending eruption.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The paper (and USGS sources) counter this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Volcanoes do not erupt on fixed schedules; the \u201coverdue\u201d idea misapplies simple averages of the three known caldera-forming events (\u22482.08, 1.3, and 0.631 million years ago).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most post-caldera activity has been lava flows with local impacts (last one ~70,000 years ago).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Current monitoring shows normal background levels; the magma system is only partially molten and is not showing signs of imminent large-scale eruption. Earthquakes alone do not signal an impending blast\u2014multiple signals must be evaluated together.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other misconceptions covered include the <strong>\u201cPacific Ring of Fire\u201d <\/strong>as a single linked system that can trigger simultaneous eruptions, simplified ideas of magma \u201cchambers,\u201d overstated climate or health effects of typical eruptions, limits of eruption forecasting, and the reuse of old or misattributed photos\/footage during crises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The authors emphasize that accurate communication reduces unnecessary public anxiety and supports better decision-making, since millions of people live near active volcanoes. Reliable information comes from official volcano observatories and geological agencies rather than sensational headlines or unverified social media.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Related coverage appears in outlets such as Loughborough University, Durham University, and The Conversation, all referencing the same 2026 review.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Getting the story straight: common misconceptions around volcanoes and eruptions with case studies of recent events<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cGetting the story straight: common misconceptions around volcanoes and eruptions with case studies of recent events\u201d<\/strong> is a 2026 open-access review paper published in the Journal of Applied Volcanology (Krippner et al.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An international team of volcanologists (including experts from universities, observatories, and agencies who have handled real crises) identified<strong> 18 common misconceptions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are grouped into six themes and paired with key facts, recent research summaries, and practical takeaways. The paper draws on media analysis (hundreds of articles from 2017\u20132022) and the authors\u2019 direct experience countering misinformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Six themes and example misconceptions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seismology <\/strong>\u2014 Earthquakes or swarms alone do not mean an eruption is imminent; multiple monitoring signals must be interpreted together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volcanoes and climate<\/strong> \u2014 Typical eruptions have limited or short-lived climate effects; only the largest can produce measurable global cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volcanic systems and structures<\/strong> \u2014 \u201cMagma chambers\u201d are often complex networks of melt, crystals, and gas rather than simple liquid tanks. The \u201cPacific Ring of Fire\u201d is a descriptive term for subduction-related activity around the Pacific, not a single linked system that triggers simultaneous eruptions worldwide. \u201cSupervolcanoes\u201d and related terms are frequently overstated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volcanic hazards<\/strong> \u2014 <strong>Volcanic ash is not smoke.<\/strong> Ash consists of tiny fragments of rock, crystals, and volcanic glass mixed with gases and water vapor. Calling it \u201csmoke\u201d can lead people to underestimate respiratory, eye, and aviation hazards. Other issues include confusion between lava flows and pyroclastic density currents, and exaggerated claims about mega-tsunamis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Timescales<\/strong> \u2014 <strong>Volcanoes are not \u201coverdue.\u201d<\/strong> They do not erupt on predictable schedules. Eruption forecasting has limits and involves uncertainty and scenario ranges rather than countdowns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Photographs and footage<\/strong> \u2014 Old, misattributed, or unrelated images and videos are frequently reused or presented as current activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Health-related clarifications (highlighted by co-author Claire Horwell)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ash can irritate eyes and airways, but it does not \u201ccut or shred\u201d lungs, and there are no confirmed cases of silicosis from volcanic eruptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clear public-health advice and practical measures (e.g., masks, staying indoors) are the most effective protections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ash can affect water quality but is unlikely to \u201cpoison\u201d supplies to dangerous levels before people reject it for taste or appearance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seven case studies of misinformation in recent events<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The paper examines how incorrect claims spread and how they were countered at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mount Agung (Bali, Indonesia, 2017)<\/strong> \u2014 Old footage from other volcanoes presented as current activity; clouds\/gas misreported as eruptions; exaggerated island-wide impacts that affected tourism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy)<\/strong> \u2014 Including a 2025 pyroclastic flow in a closed area, with videos of people outside the zone framed as \u201cfleeing for their lives.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K\u012blauea (Hawai\u02bbi, USA).<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tajogaite (La Palma, Spain).<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>La Soufri\u00e8re (St. Vincent).<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Taal (Philippines).<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Yellowstone caldera (USA) <\/strong>\u2014 Portrayed as an \u201coverdue\u201d supervolcano that will destroy civilization. In reality, its last ~50 eruptions were mostly local lava flows; current activity is at normal background levels with continuous monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misconceptions can cause unnecessary anxiety, tourism impacts, underestimation of real hazards, or fatalism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rumors often travel faster than accurate information, especially via social media and 24\/7 news cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Recommendations for the public and journalists:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prioritize official sources:<\/strong> local volcano observatories, geological surveys (e.g., USGS), and emergency management agencies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distinguish \u201cpossible\u201d from \u201clikely\u201d scenarios.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verify images and videos (check dates, locations, and whether they have appeared elsewhere).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid sensational language\u2014volcanoes are compelling without exaggeration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The full open-access paper is available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5<\/a>. Related accessible summaries appear in The Conversation, university press releases (Loughborough, Durham), and Phys.org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published: <\/strong><em>Journal of Applied Volcanology<\/em>&nbsp;(2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Provided:<\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/partners\/free-university-of-brussels\/\">Free University of Brussels<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Authors:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Janine_B_-Krippner-Aff1-Aff2\">Janine B. Krippner<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Sam-Poppe-Aff3\">Sam Poppe<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Cristian-Far_as-Aff4\">Cristian Far\u00edas<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Edward-Venzke-Aff5\">Edward Venzke<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Michael_P_-Poland-Aff6\">Michael P. Poland<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Boris-Behncke-Aff7\">Boris Behncke<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Sara_K_-McBride-Aff8\">Sara K. McBride<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Jessica-Ball-Aff9\">Jessica Ball<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Diana_C_-Roman-Aff10\">Diana C. Roman<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Heather_K_-Handley-Aff11-Aff12\">Heather K. Handley<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Claire_J_-Horwell-Aff13\">Claire J. Horwell<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Benjamin-Edwards-Aff14\">Benjamin Edwards<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Lo_c-Vanderkluysen-Aff15\">Lo\u00ffc Vanderkluysen<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Carol-Stewart-Aff16\">Carol Stewart<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Emma_J_-Nicholson-Aff17\">Emma J. Nicholson<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Alia-Juman-Aff18\">Alia Juman<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Ma__Mylene-Martinez_Villegas-Aff19\">Ma. Mylene Martinez-Villegas<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Brian-Terbush-Aff20\">Brian Terbush<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Erik_W_-Klemetti-Aff21\">Erik W. Klemetti<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Jazmin_P_-Scarlett-Aff22\">Jazmin P. Scarlett<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Rebecca-Williams-Aff23-Aff24\">Rebecca Williams<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Valerie_A_-Finlayson-Aff25\">Valerie A. Finlayson<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Kadie_L_-Bennis-Aff5\">Kadie L. Bennis<\/a>,&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Sally_S__K_-Sennert-Aff26\">Sally S. K. Sennert<\/a>,&nbsp;<br>\u2026<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13617-026-00168-5#auth-Arianna-Soldati-Aff29\">Arianna Soldati<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ability to rapidly disseminate scientific knowledge across the world has never been greater. This is paralleled by the ability of rumors to spread equally far and fast. Popular misconceptions can take root and, without correction, take on the appearance of facts. Commonly misunderstood topics include those with attention-grabbing phrasing (e.g. \u201cPacific Ring of Fire\u201d, \u201csupervolcanoes\u201d, or \u201cmega-tsunamis\u201d), the intersection of volcanic research with high-profile science topics (climate or human health), aspirational science goals (eruption forecasts), and basic terminology (volcanic ash versus smoke, or magma \u201cchambers\u201d). In this paper, we describe eighteen misconceptions grouped in six themes (seismology, volcanoes and climate, systems and structures, volcanic hazards, timescales, photographs and footage) commonly encountered by volcanologists who are actively engaging with the public and media both during and between eruptions. Each misconception description is accompanied by takeaway points and summaries of recent research to assist the reader with the information necessary to describe the issues. Finally, we present seven case studies where incorrect information was widely shared and counteracted at well-known volcanoes and recent eruptions at Mount Agung (Bali, Indonesia), Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy), K\u012blauea (Hawaii, U.S.A.), Tajogaite (La Palma, Spain), La Soufri\u00e8re (St. Vincent), Taal Volcano (Philippines), and Yellowstone caldera (U.S.A.). This work is intended to help both volcanologists and non-specialists get the story straight, and to effectively communicate processes and scales of volcanism and volcanic hazards, impacts, and risks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Volcanic plumes are not \u201csmoke,\u201d and Yellowstone is not an imminent civilization-ending catastrophe. <\/p>\n<p>Sensational claims often recycle old images, misattribute earthquakes or cracks elsewhere, invent animal \u201cevacuations,\u201d or fabricate drilling accidents. <\/p>\n<p>Official monitoring data (publicly available via the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory) consistently show normal conditions. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":464793,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691844856,691844857,691844858,691841537,691823597,691844855,691844859,691818330,691844860],"class_list":["post-464792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-pacific-ring-of-fire-2","tag-supervolcanoes","tag-eruption-cloud","tag-volcanic-activity","tag-volcanic-emissions","tag-volcanic-eruption-prediction","tag-volcanic-plumes","tag-volcanology","tag-yellowstone","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1WUE","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":386809,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=386809","url_meta":{"origin":464792,"position":0},"title":"Fear 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Flegrei","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=campi-flegrei"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMzyxKkCkbTQu_qr25Li8rGeskzNRaMo9yJSn-sz4wkT2M4FAoKClA0t7hYG5R-QGXh9lAAuqMfZEDjwt7DhmrBU9H1v_pJ0GvV8k91VuTN_AyE4nxkGj6FQcG1bivl_JYZ8UFE3XIkJ5plKbwcQZe9n6A-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMzyxKkCkbTQu_qr25Li8rGeskzNRaMo9yJSn-sz4wkT2M4FAoKClA0t7hYG5R-QGXh9lAAuqMfZEDjwt7DhmrBU9H1v_pJ0GvV8k91VuTN_AyE4nxkGj6FQcG1bivl_JYZ8UFE3XIkJ5plKbwcQZe9n6A-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMzyxKkCkbTQu_qr25Li8rGeskzNRaMo9yJSn-sz4wkT2M4FAoKClA0t7hYG5R-QGXh9lAAuqMfZEDjwt7DhmrBU9H1v_pJ0GvV8k91VuTN_AyE4nxkGj6FQcG1bivl_JYZ8UFE3XIkJ5plKbwcQZe9n6A-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, 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wild extrapolation, qualified maybes, and models run so far into the future they boomerang back with \u201crobots take over\u201d as the y-axis.","rel":"","context":"In \"climatologist Markus Stoffel\"","block_context":{"text":"climatologist Markus Stoffel","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climatologist-markus-stoffel"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMWfVmmaWfxuVpbMXM573Av3d_rjphu_csDSNisfNE-yYD2Mz-DBZ5OUlFO3n51NXa3_wv9FaGdOLjIKfmYQkiTtxmrYng4T85_cRGrCtvo5AtJdboBXkqcJ9br6JrPQxbtoBOfZtMp3IspHZMifOxJC19Qog-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMWfVmmaWfxuVpbMXM573Av3d_rjphu_csDSNisfNE-yYD2Mz-DBZ5OUlFO3n51NXa3_wv9FaGdOLjIKfmYQkiTtxmrYng4T85_cRGrCtvo5AtJdboBXkqcJ9br6JrPQxbtoBOfZtMp3IspHZMifOxJC19Qog-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMWfVmmaWfxuVpbMXM573Av3d_rjphu_csDSNisfNE-yYD2Mz-DBZ5OUlFO3n51NXa3_wv9FaGdOLjIKfmYQkiTtxmrYng4T85_cRGrCtvo5AtJdboBXkqcJ9br6JrPQxbtoBOfZtMp3IspHZMifOxJC19Qog-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMWfVmmaWfxuVpbMXM573Av3d_rjphu_csDSNisfNE-yYD2Mz-DBZ5OUlFO3n51NXa3_wv9FaGdOLjIKfmYQkiTtxmrYng4T85_cRGrCtvo5AtJdboBXkqcJ9br6JrPQxbtoBOfZtMp3IspHZMifOxJC19Qog-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMWfVmmaWfxuVpbMXM573Av3d_rjphu_csDSNisfNE-yYD2Mz-DBZ5OUlFO3n51NXa3_wv9FaGdOLjIKfmYQkiTtxmrYng4T85_cRGrCtvo5AtJdboBXkqcJ9br6JrPQxbtoBOfZtMp3IspHZMifOxJC19Qog-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":341001,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=341001","url_meta":{"origin":464792,"position":2},"title":"Greta versus the volcano","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/28\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"As America\u2019s \u201cgreenest\u201d President (Joe Biden) fades into the sunset, one is reminded of the 1990 Tom Hanks blockbuster Joe Versus the Volcano. Our salvation may be near. In the movie, Joe Banks (Hanks) is told by a doctor he is dying. He is then duped by an unscrupulous billionaire\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Global cooling\"","block_context":{"text":"Global cooling","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=global-cooling"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0the-greta-plan-has-backfired-with-young-conservatives-for-now.jpg?fit=1200%2C723&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0the-greta-plan-has-backfired-with-young-conservatives-for-now.jpg?fit=1200%2C723&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0the-greta-plan-has-backfired-with-young-conservatives-for-now.jpg?fit=1200%2C723&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0the-greta-plan-has-backfired-with-young-conservatives-for-now.jpg?fit=1200%2C723&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0the-greta-plan-has-backfired-with-young-conservatives-for-now.jpg?fit=1200%2C723&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":391001,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=391001","url_meta":{"origin":464792,"position":3},"title":"The Warming Of 2023 Was Due To Natural Causes, Not Man-Made","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/27\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"We remember: by mid-2023, the data on global temperatures had shown a very marked increase. It had gotten warmer globally quite quickly, by an incredible 0.5\u00b0C compared to 2022. This led to a new record for the year being announced in 2024. The German public television\u00a0Tagesschau\u00a0(and many other media) did\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate Catastrophe\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate Catastrophe","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-catastrophe"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":360757,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=360757","url_meta":{"origin":464792,"position":4},"title":"\u2018Mystery Volcano\u2019 that Lowered Global Temperatures Nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit in 1831 Identified","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Meanwhile \u201cGreat Rift\u201d volcano in Ethiopia erupts after seismic swarm, leading to evacuations.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0IMG_9914.jpg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0IMG_9914.jpg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0IMG_9914.jpg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0IMG_9914.jpg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0IMG_9914.jpg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":313414,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=313414","url_meta":{"origin":464792,"position":5},"title":"Hunga Tonga Volcano is \u201cMost Likely\u201d Cause of Recent Warm Temperatures","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"03\/27\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The climate events of 2022-24 have been \u201ctruly extraordinary\u201d, notes Dr. Javier Vin\u00f3s writing in Dr. Judith Curry\u2019s\u00a0online blog. The rare convergence of a number of events \u201cthat may not be repeated for hundreds or even thousands of years\u201d represents a \u201cunique learning opportunity\u201d for climatologists.","rel":"","context":"In \"climate alarmism\"","block_context":{"text":"climate alarmism","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-alarmism"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Volcano-Myths-Unraveled.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/464792","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=464792"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/464792\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":464832,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/464792\/revisions\/464832"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/464793"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=464792"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=464792"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=464792"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}