{"id":462416,"date":"2026-08-12T12:39:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T19:39:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=462416"},"modified":"2026-08-12T12:39:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T19:39:48","slug":"supernova-iron-60-traces-in-ocean-floors-and-antarctic-ice-overlap-ice-age-onset-causal-link-debated","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=462416","title":{"rendered":"Supernova Iron-60 Traces in Ocean Floors and Antarctic Ice Overlap Ice Age Onset, Causal Link Debated"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"485\" data-attachment-id=\"462418\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=462418\" 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data-image-title=\"0 Supernova Iron-60 Traces in Ocean Floors and Antarctic Ice Overlap Ice Age Onset, Causal Link Debated\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Signature: 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&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?fit=723%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?resize=723%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-462418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?resize=768%2C516&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?resize=640%2C430&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">AI generated by Grok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The geological record shows clear spikes of interstellar radioactive iron-60 (\u2076\u2070Fe) in deep-sea sediments (and related archives) that align with two nearby supernova influx windows: roughly 1.5\u20133.2 million years ago and 6.5\u20138.7 million years ago. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The more recent one overlaps the Pliocene\u2013Pleistocene transition and the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation \/ ice-age cycles, but a direct causal link is not established and remains debated.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2076\u2070Fe is produced in massive stars and ejected in supernovae (and to a lesser extent stellar winds). It has a half-life of about 2.6 million years, so any primordial \u2076\u2070Fe from Earth\u2019s formation has long decayed. Detectable live <strong>\u2076\u2070Fe in terrestrial archives<\/strong> is therefore a tracer of relatively recent nearby <strong>supernova material<\/strong> that reached the <strong>Solar System as interstellar dust<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key evidence includes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Global signals in deep-sea ferromanganese crusts, nodules, and sediments from multiple oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian). High-resolution sediment data show a clear elevated influx lasting ~1.5 million years (roughly 1.7\u20133.2 Ma, peaking near 2.2 Ma), plus an earlier, weaker signal around 6.5\u20138.7 Ma. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supporting detections in lunar samples, cosmic rays, and (for more recent times) Antarctic snow and ice. Recent work also documents a low-level ongoing influx over the past tens of thousands of years, consistent with the Solar System moving through the Local Interstellar Cloud that still contains residual supernova-produced \u2076\u2070Fe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ~2\u20133 Ma window coincides approximately with the shift<strong> from the warmer Pliocene into the Pleistocene<\/strong>, when large-scale ice sheets expanded and <strong>glacial\u2013interglacial cycles intensified<\/strong> (onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation often placed near ~2.5\u20132.7 Ma).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers have noted this as an \u201cinteresting coincidence.\u201d Proposed mechanisms (if any physical link exists) involve supernova-related increases in cosmic-ray flux that could enhance atmospheric ionization, cloud condensation nuclei, or other <strong>climate-relevant processes<\/strong>, or effects from dust\/ejecta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, these remain speculative; orbital (Milankovitch) forcing, atmospheric CO\u2082 decline, tectonic changes (e.g., Panama isthmus closure affecting ocean circulation), and other terrestrial factors are the primary established<strong> drivers of the ice-age <\/strong>onset. No consensus supports a direct supernova trigger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, the \u2076\u2070Fe data robustly record nearby supernova activity at those times, and the temporal overlap with global cooling is real, but causation is unproven and actively discussed rather than accepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cosmic rays (primarily galactic cosmic rays, or GCRs) can influence Earth\u2019s climate through atmospheric ionization, with proposed effects on cloud formation, aerosol chemistry, ozone, and related feedbacks. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The main hypothesized pathway is enhanced cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) leading to more low-level clouds, higher albedo, and cooling. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This idea is most associated with Henrik Svensmark\u2019s \u201ccosmoclimatology\u201d framework. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A nearby supernova can amplify the GCR flux substantially for centuries to millennia, potentially linking stellar events to climate shifts (as discussed with the ~1.5\u20133.2 Ma \u2076\u2070Fe influx).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High-energy GCRs (mostly protons and heavier nuclei from supernova remnants) collide with atmospheric molecules, producing cascades of secondary particles (including muons that reach the lower troposphere). This ionizes the air, creating charged clusters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supporting laboratory work includes the<strong> CERN CLOUD experiment<\/strong>, which confirmed that ions enhance nucleation rates under certain atmospheric conditions (especially with sulfuric acid, ammonia, and organics). Observational support includes correlations between GCR flux and low-cloud cover over solar-cycle timescales, and responses after Forbush decreases (sudden GCR drops caused by solar storms), where aerosols and clouds sometimes decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GCR intensity at Earth is controlled by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Solar activity <\/strong>(heliospheric magnetic field scatters lower-energy particles; stronger solar activity \u2192 fewer GCRs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Earth\u2019s geomagnetic field (weaker field or reversals allow more GCRs, especially at lower latitudes).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Galactic environment (spiral-arm crossings or nearby supernovae raise the local GCR background).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nearby supernovae can increase the flux by factors of tens to hundreds for extended periods, far exceeding solar-cycle variations (~10\u201320%). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Models of a 100-fold GCR increase suggest radiative forcing comparable in magnitude (but opposite in sign) to recent anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, though on different timescales. Encounters with dense interstellar clouds can also compress the heliosphere, exposing Earth to higher interstellar GCR fluxes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Evidence Across Timescales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Short-term (days\u2013years):<\/strong> Correlations with solar-cycle cloud changes and Forbush decreases exist but are debated in strength and causality. Some satellite data show cloud responses; others find little or no robust global link.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Centennial\u2013millennial:<\/strong> Cosmogenic isotopes (\u00b9\u2074C, \u00b9\u2070Be) track GCR variations that often align with climate proxies (e.g., cooler periods during high GCR).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Geological (Myr+):<\/strong> Correlations between reconstructed local supernova rates \/ GCR flux and icehouse vs. greenhouse intervals over the Phanerozoic, and with organic-carbon burial in sediments. The ~2\u20133 Ma supernova window overlaps the Pliocene\u2013Pleistocene cooling and Northern Hemisphere glaciation onset; some studies also note geomagnetic reversals or interstellar-cloud passages around that time as amplifying factors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The hypothesis remains controversial.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key counterpoints include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CERN CLOUD and modeling results indicate that the CCN response to typical GCR variations is too weak to drive significant climate change under modern aerosol conditions (primary emissions from volcanoes, wildfires, anthropogenic sources dominate).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observed cloud\u2013GCR correlations are not always consistent globally or over longer records; some periods show anti-correlations or lags that challenge causality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IPCC assessments conclude that GCR influence on recent climate is negligible compared with greenhouse gases, and there is no robust widespread link to clouds. Over the past ~50 years GCR flux has not decreased in a way that would explain warming (if anything, a slight increase would favor cooling). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For extreme events (nearby supernovae), atmospheric shielding and compensating chemical cycles limit ozone loss and UV effects; climate impacts via clouds remain model-dependent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In short, ionization-enhanced aerosol\/cloud processes are physically real and operate, but their climatic importance is generally considered minor for solar-cycle or modern variations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Larger GCR enhancements from nearby supernovae or major galactic changes could produce more substantial cooling, consistent with the timing noted for the \u2076\u2070Fe events, yet direct causation for ice-age onset is still debated against stronger terrestrial and orbital drivers (CO\u2082, tectonics, Milankovitch cycles).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Research continues via improved paleoclimate\u2013isotope records, atmospheric chemistry models, and laboratory experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">___________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Multiple studies indicate that nearby supernovae have influenced life on Earth, primarily through elevated cosmic-ray fluxes that can increase mutation rates, alter climate (via clouds\/aerosols or ozone), and thereby affect evolution, biodiversity, and (in extreme cases) extinction risk.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evidence comes from geological tracers like interstellar \u2076\u2070Fe, modeled radiation doses, and correlations with paleobiological records. The effects are dosage- and distance-dependent: moderate nearby events (~50\u2013150 pc) may promote diversification, while closer ones (&lt;20\u201350 pc) pose greater threats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geological records show clear \u2076\u2070Fe spikes from supernovae at roughly 1.5\u20133.2 Ma (stronger signal) and 6.5\u20138.7 Ma. These are linked to events in nearby stellar associations (e.g., Upper Centaurus Lupus ~140 pc or Tucana-Horologium ~70 pc) or the Solar System\u2019s entry into the Local Bubble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modeling of cosmic-ray delivery from these events predicts surface radiation doses elevated for tens of thousands of years (e.g., ~10\u2013100 mGy\/year initially, declining thereafter). This level can cause double-strand DNA breaks, raising mutation rates without causing mass extinction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One 2024\/2025 study (\u201cLife in the Bubble&#8230;\u201d) notes the temporal overlap with accelerated virus diversification among fish in Africa\u2019s Lake Tanganyika ~2\u20133 Ma and suggests a possible causal link via increased mutations. Similar ideas have been floated for broader speciation or even aspects of hominin evolution around the Pliocene\u2013Pleistocene transition (climate cooling + radiation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other proposed pathways for these events include modest ozone depletion (raising UV), increased lightning\/wildfires (potentially shifting African forests toward savanna and favoring bipedalism), and climate cooling via enhanced cloud condensation nuclei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the past ~500 million years, reconstructed local supernova rates (tied to spiral-arm passages and star-forming regions) correlate with marine biodiversity after accounting for changes in shallow-shelf area. Higher supernova frequency \u2192 higher galactic cosmic-ray flux \u2192 cooler climate, stronger ocean mixing\/nutrient upwelling \u2192 greater bioproductivity and organic-carbon burial \u2192 support for higher diversity (and oxygen levels). Henrik Svensmark and collaborators argue this \u201ccosmoclimatology\u201d link helps explain major biodiversity patterns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Closer supernovae (&lt;~20\u201365 light-years \/ ~6\u201320 pc) could deplete ozone substantially (raising surface UV), deliver high muon\/neutron doses, trigger acid rain, or force strong cooling\u2014potentially contributing to events such as the Late Ordovician or Late Devonian extinctions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Updated models raise the \u201clethal\u201d distance somewhat (to ~20 pc or more when including X-ray emission from interacting supernovae). However, a 2024 study concluded that Earth\u2019s atmosphere and magnetic field effectively shield the biosphere from typical nearby supernovae (~100 pc scale, occurring roughly once per Myr), limiting ozone loss to levels comparable to modern anthropogenic effects and making mass extinctions unlikely from these events alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These ideas remain active research areas. Correlations (especially \u2076\u2070Fe timing with biological changes) are intriguing but do not prove direct causation; orbital, tectonic, and greenhouse-gas drivers dominate many climate and evolutionary transitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The two main interstellar \u2076\u2070Fe influxes recorded in deep-sea sediments and crusts (roughly 1.5\u20133.2 million years ago and 6.5\u20138.7 million years ago) provide clear evidence of nearby supernovae. The more recent window overlaps the Pliocene\u2013Pleistocene transition and the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation \/ Pleistocene ice-age cycles, but a direct causal link remains debated and unproven.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The \u2076\u2070Fe Record<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>~1.5\u20133.2 Ma (stronger, better-resolved signal):<\/strong> Global deposition of supernova-produced \u2076\u2070Fe lasting roughly 1\u20131.5 million years, peaking near 2.2 Ma. Detected in ferromanganese crusts, nodules, and high-resolution sediment cores from multiple oceans, plus supporting lunar data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>~6.5\u20138.7 Ma (weaker signal):<\/strong> Earlier, lower-intensity influx, mainly from crust samples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These signals are measured by <strong>accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)<\/strong> as elevated \u2076\u2070Fe\/Fe ratios far above terrestrial background. Because \u2076\u2070Fe has a half-life of ~2.6 Myr and is not produced significantly on Earth, live \u2076\u2070Fe is an unambiguous tracer of relatively recent nearby supernova ejecta that reached the Solar System as dust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Temporal Overlap with Ice Ages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ~2\u20133 Ma \u2076\u2070Fe window coincides approximately with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The shift from the warmer Pliocene into the Pleistocene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (often placed near ~2.5\u20132.7 Ma).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The establishment of the characteristic glacial\u2013interglacial cycles of the Quaternary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers (including early TUM work and later studies) have repeatedly noted this as an \u201cinteresting coincidence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible physical mechanisms that have been proposed include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cosmic-ray enhancement:<\/strong> A nearby supernova increases the galactic cosmic-ray flux for an extended period (tens to hundreds of kyr). Ionization of the atmosphere can promote formation of cloud condensation nuclei, potentially increasing low-cloud cover, planetary albedo, and surface cooling (the Svensmark-type hypothesis).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondary effects such as modest stratospheric ozone changes or alterations in atmospheric chemistry\/circulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A direct causal role is<strong> not established<\/strong>. The mainstream view attributes the onset of <strong>Pleistocene ice ages <\/strong>primarily to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gradual decline in atmospheric CO\u2082.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tectonic changes (e.g., closure of the Panama isthmus altering ocean circulation).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orbital (Milankovitch) forcing once the climate system crossed a threshold.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cosmic-ray\/cloud mechanisms remain controversial; laboratory (CERN CLOUD) and modeling work indicate that typical GCR variations produce only weak CCN responses under modern conditions, though extreme supernova-level fluxes could be more significant. The \u2076\u2070Fe data robustly record the supernovae and the timing overlap is real, but correlation does not equal causation. Ongoing research continues to refine both the \u2076\u2070Fe chronology and climate-proxy records to test any possible contribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, the supernova \u2076\u2070Fe signals and the ice-age transition line up temporally in an intriguing way, and cosmic-ray climate effects offer a plausible (but unproven) physical bridge. Most experts treat the connection as speculative rather than demonstrated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><sup>60<\/sup>Fe deposition during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene echoes past supernova activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study reports the detection of a continuous, low-level influx of interstellar radioactive iron-60 (\u2076\u2070Fe) onto Earth over the past ~33,000 years (late Pleistocene through Holocene). This is interpreted as a \u201clate echo\u201d of earlier nearby supernovae (the well-known ~1.7\u20133.2 Ma and ~6 Ma events), with \u2076\u2070Fe-bearing dust still permeating the local interstellar medium (ISM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Five deep-sea sediment samples from the Indian Ocean were analyzed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was used for single-atom counting of \u2076\u2070Fe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A total of only 19 \u2076\u2070Fe atoms were detected across the samples (well above the expected background of ~3.6 counts).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Average deposition rate: ~3.5 atoms cm\u207b\u00b2 yr\u207b\u00b9 over the 33 kyr interval.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Time resolution of the profile is about \u00b19 kyr; no large variations or sharp changes were observed that would clearly track density contrasts as the Solar System moved through local interstellar clouds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2076\u2070Fe (half-life ~2.6 Myr) is produced almost exclusively in massive stars and ejected by supernovae; it is not produced in significant quantities on Earth or in the Solar System. Earlier work had already established major deposition peaks at ~1.7\u20133.2 Ma and ~6\u20138 Ma. The new data show that a dilute residual flux continues into the recent past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The time window coincides with the Solar System\u2019s passage through the Cluster of Local Interstellar Clouds (CLIC) and the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC) inside the Local Bubble (a low-density superbubble carved out by past supernovae). These clouds have higher particle densities than the surrounding Local Bubble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Possible explanations for the ongoing \u2076\u2070Fe signal include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gradual fading of the debris cloud from the ~2\u20133 Ma supernova(e).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An \u201cecho\u201d in which dust particles reflected from the Local Bubble boundary continue to reach the Solar System.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2076\u2070Fe-bearing dust that is simply mixed throughout the local ISM rather than being confined to discrete, dense cloud remnants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The relatively flat time profile argues against the LIC being an isolated, freshly enriched remnant of the most recent supernova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Authigenic iron was chemically extracted from the sediments. AMS measurements (primarily at facilities capable of extreme isobar suppression of \u2076\u2070Ni) determined the \u2076\u2070Fe\/Fe ratios; stable Fe concentrations were measured by ICP-MS to convert ratios into absolute deposition rates. Parallel checks with other radionuclides helped validate the chemistry and dating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This work demonstrates that interstellar \u2076\u2070Fe continues to arrive at Earth today at low levels, linking the geological record of recent millennia directly to million-year-old supernova activity and the structure of the local ISM. It constrains models of how supernova ejecta mix and persist in the Solar neighborhood and provides a baseline for interpreting both older \u2076\u2070Fe peaks and any future variations tied to cloud passages or heliospheric changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The full open-access article is available via the DOI or PMC link.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published:<\/strong> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1916769117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1073\/pnas.1916769117<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Authors:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1916769117#con1\">A.&nbsp;Wallner<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1916769117#con2\">J.&nbsp;Feige<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1916769117#con3\">L. K.&nbsp;Fifield<\/a> and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1916769117#con14\">S. G.&nbsp;Tims<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nuclides synthesized in massive stars are ejected into space via stellar winds and supernova explosions. The solar system (SS) moves through the interstellar medium and collects these nucleosynthesis products. One such product is&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe, a radionuclide with a half-life of 2.6 My that is predominantly produced in massive stars and ejected in supernova explosions. Extraterrestrial&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe has been found on Earth, suggesting close-by supernova explosions \u223c2 to 3 and \u223c6 Ma. Here, we report on the detection of a continuous interstellar&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe influx on Earth over the past \u223c33,000 y. This time period coincides with passage of our SS through such interstellar clouds, which have a significantly larger particle density compared to the local average interstellar medium embedding our SS for the past few million years. The interstellar&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe was extracted from five deep-sea sediment samples and accelerator mass spectrometry was used for single-atom counting. The low number of 19 detected atoms indicates a continued but low influx of interstellar&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe. The measured&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe time profile over the 33 ky, obtained with a time resolution of about \u00b19 ky, does not seem to reflect any large changes in the interstellar particle density during Earth\u2019s passage through local interstellar clouds, which could be expected if the local cloud represented an isolated remnant of the most recent supernova ejecta that traversed the Earth \u223c2 to 3 Ma. The identified&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe influx may signal a late echo of some million-year-old supernovae with the&nbsp;<sup>60<\/sup>Fe-bearing dust particles still permeating the interstellar medium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supernova produced iron-60 found in Pacific ocean<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This is an archived scientific highlight page from the GAMS (Gas-filled Analyzing Magnet System) group at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), describing their pioneering detection of supernova-produced iron-60 (\u2076\u2070Fe) on Earth.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The page reports the measurement of radioactive \u2076\u2070Fe (then quoted half-life ~1.5 Myr; modern value is ~2.6 Myr) in layers of a deep-sea ferromanganese crust recovered from the Pacific Ocean floor at 4830 m depth. The crust grew extremely slowly (~2.5 mm per million years), allowing layers to be dated by depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>28 layers spanning the present to ~13 million years ago were analyzed using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the Munich accelerator laboratory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nearly all layers were consistent with measurement background.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A clear excess of \u2076\u2070Fe appears in three layers around 3 million years ago.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This signal is consistent with deposition from a supernova roughly 100 light-years away.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The text notes that a supernova can produce \u2076\u2070Fe in quantities of about ten Earth masses, while production inside the Solar System is negligible, making any significant terrestrial \u2076\u2070Fe signal a unique tracer of a nearby supernova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The authors discuss possible consequences of the associated cosmic-ray enhancement (lasting on the order of 100,000 years). They suggest that increased cosmic rays could have promoted cloud condensation nuclei, contributing to global cooling around 3 Ma. This cooling is linked (via oxygen-isotope data) to more arid conditions in Africa that may have influenced speciation events and major steps in hominid evolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This page documents one of the foundational early detections that established \u2076\u2070Fe as a geological tracer of nearby supernovae. Later studies (including higher-resolution sediment work and the 2020 late-Pleistocene\/Holocene paper discussed previously) refined the timing, confirmed the signal is global, and extended the record. Note that the half-life value quoted on the page has since been updated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published:<\/strong> Physical Review Letters 93, 171103 (2004)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> 10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.171103<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Authors:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/search\/field\/author\/K%20Knie\">K. Knie<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/search\/field\/author\/G%20Korschinek\">G. Korschinek<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/search\/field\/author\/T%20Faestermann\">T. Faestermann<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/search\/field\/author\/E%20A%20Dorfi\">E. A. Dorfi<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/search\/field\/author\/G%20Rugel\">G. Rugel<\/a> and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/search\/field\/author\/A%20Wallner\">A. Wallner<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A nearby supernova (SN) explosion in the past can be confirmed by the detection of radioisotopes on Earth that were produced and ejected by the SN. We have now measured a well resolved time profile of the&nbsp;60F\u2061e&nbsp;concentration in a deep-sea ferromanganese crust and found a highly significant increase 2.8&nbsp;Myr ago. The amount of&nbsp;60F\u2061e&nbsp;is compatible with the deposition of ejecta from a SN at a distance of a few 10&nbsp;pc. The well defined time of the SN explosion makes it possible to search for plausible correlations with other events in Earth\u2019s history.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Multiple studies indicate that nearby supernovae have influenced life on Earth, primarily through elevated cosmic-ray fluxes that can increase mutation rates, alter climate (via clouds\/aerosols or ozone), and thereby affect evolution, biodiversity, and (in extreme cases) extinction risk.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":462418,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Multiple studies indicate that nearby supernovae have influenced life on Earth, primarily through elevated cosmic-ray fluxes that can increase mutation rates, alter climate (via clouds\/aerosols or ozone), and thereby affect evolution, biodiversity, and (in extreme cases) extinction risk.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691844655,691844659,691844656,691844653,691844657,691844654],"class_list":["post-462416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-accelerator-mass-spectrometry","tag-cosmic-ray-climate-effects","tag-deep-sea-sediments","tag-fe-60","tag-pleistocene-ice-ages","tag-supernova","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1Wik","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":249740,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=249740","url_meta":{"origin":462416,"position":0},"title":"New study: Supernovae influence Earth\u2019s long-term climate, bio-diversity and evolution","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"03\/26\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"A new study shows how supernovae influence Earth\u2019s climate. The implication is a surprisingly influential role of stellar processes on terrestrial evolution.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1120.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1120.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1120.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1120.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1120.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":367383,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=367383","url_meta":{"origin":462416,"position":1},"title":"What Really Sets the Global Climate State?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/24\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"What really does set the global climate state? The Million Year Ice Core Project (MYIC) (Follow on BlueSky), has been underway for several years, preparing to drill the oldest continuous ice core record from Antarctica. The project is a major element in the Australian Antarctic Program, led by the Australian\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Antarctica\"","block_context":{"text":"Antarctica","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=antarctica"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0ice-core-scientist-in-the-field.1600x0.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0ice-core-scientist-in-the-field.1600x0.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0ice-core-scientist-in-the-field.1600x0.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0ice-core-scientist-in-the-field.1600x0.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0ice-core-scientist-in-the-field.1600x0.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":348840,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=348840","url_meta":{"origin":462416,"position":2},"title":"Is Paleoclimate Cyclic? It\u2019s a Mystery to Me","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/25\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The Story of Climate Change\u00a0is based on the concept of atmospheric ionization by high energy cosmic rays initiating aerosol and cloud formation. This results in a warming or cooling planet Earth. This cloud albedo effect (Svensmark) is the first leg upon which The Story of Climate Change rests","rel":"","context":"In \"Atmospheric physics\"","block_context":{"text":"Atmospheric physics","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=atmospheric-physics"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0-Milky-Way.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0-Milky-Way.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0-Milky-Way.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0-Milky-Way.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0-Milky-Way.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":460409,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=460409","url_meta":{"origin":462416,"position":3},"title":"Marine Microbes Confirm Ancient Seawater Fuels Antarctica\u2019s Blood Falls","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/05\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Blood Falls is a striking red-orange outflow from the snout of Taylor Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The findings indicate the subglacial brine likely originated as seawater that was cut off when sea levels dropped and Taylor Glacier advanced over it.","rel":"","context":"In \"ancient seawater\"","block_context":{"text":"ancient seawater","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=ancient-seawater"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Marine-Microbes-Confirm-Ancient-Seawater-Fuels-Antarcticas-Blood-Falls.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Marine-Microbes-Confirm-Ancient-Seawater-Fuels-Antarcticas-Blood-Falls.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Marine-Microbes-Confirm-Ancient-Seawater-Fuels-Antarcticas-Blood-Falls.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Marine-Microbes-Confirm-Ancient-Seawater-Fuels-Antarcticas-Blood-Falls.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Marine-Microbes-Confirm-Ancient-Seawater-Fuels-Antarcticas-Blood-Falls.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":324100,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=324100","url_meta":{"origin":462416,"position":4},"title":"Anthropocene: The Cockroach of the Geologic Time Scale?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/27\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"For now, we\u2019re still in the Holocene. Science has confirmed that a panel of two dozen geologists has voted down a proposal to end the Holocene\u2014our current span of geologic time, which began 11,700 years ago at the end of the last ice age\u2014and inaugurate a new epoch, the Anthropocene.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Anthropocene\"","block_context":{"text":"Anthropocene","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=anthropocene"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Anthropocene.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Anthropocene.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Anthropocene.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Anthropocene.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Anthropocene.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":291600,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=291600","url_meta":{"origin":462416,"position":5},"title":"Catastrophic and Frightening Solar Storms: Miyake Events","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/17\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Miyake events are believed to be several orders of magnitude greater than the Carrington Event. It is not clear what causes the event.","rel":"","context":"In \"1300 years ago\"","block_context":{"text":"1300 years ago","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1300-years-ago"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0New-evidence-shows-massive-solar-storms-in-Earths-history.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0New-evidence-shows-massive-solar-storms-in-Earths-history.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0New-evidence-shows-massive-solar-storms-in-Earths-history.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0New-evidence-shows-massive-solar-storms-in-Earths-history.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0New-evidence-shows-massive-solar-storms-in-Earths-history.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/0-Supernova-Iron-60-Traces-in-Ocean-Floors-and-Antarctic-Ice-Overlap-Ice-Age-Onset-Causal-Link-Debated.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/462416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=462416"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/462416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":462480,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/462416\/revisions\/462480"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/462418"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=462416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=462416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=462416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}