{"id":453532,"date":"2026-07-02T12:43:10","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T19:43:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=453532"},"modified":"2026-07-02T12:43:12","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T19:43:12","slug":"25c-its-the-exploding-global-urbanisation-stupid-why-heat-waves-are-setting-records","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=453532","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0+25\u00b0C \u2026It\u2019s The Exploding Global Urbanisation, Stupid! Why Heat Waves Are Setting Records"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

From NoTrickZone<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By P Gosselin<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Global artificial impervious surface area is as large as Spain, Germany and France combined \u2026 adding up to 25\u00b0C to surface temperatures <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The intensity of the recent heat waves has had a lot to do with the widespread urban heat island (UHI) effect. Surface temperatures vary widely, depending on the surface properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Near surface temperatures. The surface temperature of an urban parking lot can easdily reach 50\u00b0C, while \u2013 for the same weather \u2013 the surface of a rural grass field will reach only 30\u00b0C. Under the canopy of a forest, the surface temperature will remain near  25\u00b0C. Image: NoTricksZone\/Grok.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

When we look at microclimates and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, the type of ground cover changes everything when it comes to absorbing and radiating solar energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the surface of a grass field sits at 30\u00b0C, the difference in temperature compared to the temprature under a forest canopy and the temperature just above a paved parking lot is profound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to studies, that difference is up to 25\u00b0C.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The more urbanized the earth\u2019s surface becomes, the warmer the surface measuremnts will be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UHI: Global impervious surface area growth is accelerating<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So how fast has the global surface area of concrete, asphalt, and steel become?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the field of satellite remote sensing and global geography, the surface area covered by asphalt, concrete, buildings, and other man-made structures is referred to as Artificial Impervious Surface Area (ISA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When we look at microclimates and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, the type of ground cover changes everything when it comes to absorbing and radiating solar energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the surface of a grass field sits at 30\u00b0C, the difference in temperature compared to the temprature under a forest canopy and the temperature just above a paved parking lot is profound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to studies, that difference is up to 25\u00b0C.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The more urbanized the earth\u2019s surface becomes, the warmer the surface measuremnts will be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UHI: Global impervious surface area growth is accelerating<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So how fast has the global surface area of concrete, asphalt, and steel become?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the field of satellite remote sensing and global geography, the surface area covered by asphalt, concrete, buildings, and other man-made structures is referred to as Artificial Impervious Surface Area (ISA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to high-resolution global satellite mapping data<\/a>, approximately 1.3 million to 1.35 million square kilometres of the Earth\u2019s land surface was covered by these artificial, heat-absorbing materials in 2020:<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

This represents an area that is three times greater than it was in 1950 and an area that is roughly as large as the combined size of France, Spain, and Germany. This is having a major impact on global surface temperature measurement and urban heating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To understand why, it\u2019s important to look at the profound differences between surface types. Assune a warm summer day where the near surface temperature of a rural grass field is 30\u00b0C:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Under a deciduous tree canopy<\/strong>
The corresponding near surface temperature would be ~23\u00b0C to 26\u00b0C (4\u00b0C to 7\u00b0C lower than the grass). Trees are nature\u2019s air conditioners. They cool the ground via two main mechanisms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Shading: The canopy intercepts up to 80\u201390% of direct solar radiation, preventing the soil from heating up.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Evapotranspiration: Trees actively pump water from the soil and release it through their leaves. This phase change from liquid water to vapor absorbs latent heat, cooling the surrounding microclimate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    2. In the middle of an urban asphalt parking lot<\/strong>
    Research shows that the corresponding near surface temperature would reach ~45\u00b0C to 55\u00b0C (15\u00b0C to 25\u00b0C higher than the grass) under the same sunny weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dark, dry and dense materials like asphalt are incredibly efficient at turning sunlight into pure thermal energy. Asphalt absorbs roughly 85\u201395% of the solar radiation<\/strong> that hits it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Unlike the grass or trees, there is zero moisture to evaporate, meaning all absorbed energy goes directly into raising the surface temperature. Asphalt acts like a giant battery, storing immense amounts of heat and continuously radiating it back into the immediate air layer. This is why nightime low temperatures in cities remain stubbornly high.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    With temperature hundreds of stations sited within or near urban areas and huge manmade infrastructure, it\u2019s no wonder that heat waves have been breaking temperature records over the past decades. It\u2019s the growing heat absorption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Asphalt vs. Grass Surface Differences
    Armson, D., Stringer, P., & Ennos, A. R. (2012). \u201cThe effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area.\u201d published in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. This study explicitly found that open grass surfaces reduced maximum surface temperatures by up to 24\u00b0C compared to bare artificial surfaces (concrete\/asphalt) under identical sunny conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Tree Canopy Cooling Capacity
    Rahman, M. A., et al. (2018). \u201cVertical air temperature gradients under the shade of two contrasting urban tree species during different types of summer days.\u201d published in Science of The Total Environment. This research details the precise temperature declines under tree canopies. It highlights that the combination of deep shade and active transpiration creates a microclimatic buffer that drops air temperatures nearest to the ground surface by 3\u00b0C to 7\u00b0C compared to open unshaded areas, directly mitigating the near-surface heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. The 5 cm Near-Ground Gradient
    Source: Jenerette, G. D., et al. (2016). \u201cMicroclimate Variation among Urban Land Covers: The Importance of Vertical and Horizontal Structure in Air and Land Surface Temperature Relationships.\u201d published in Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.
    Findings: This study measured microclimatic conditions at the near-surface boundary layer (0.1 meters \/ 10 cm and below) across multiple land covers including asphalt, turf grass, and tall trees. It confirmed that the correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and near-ground air temperature is hightest at the 10 cm layer for asphalt and bare surfaces, proving the existence of the massive, localized near-ground temperature spikes (exceeding 20\u00b0C variations horizontally across land types) that dissipate rapidly as you move higher into the ambient air.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Global artificial impervious surface area is as large as Spain, Germany and France combined \u2026 adding up to 25\u00b0C to surface temperatures <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":453547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691843907,691843909,691819233,691825211,691818694,691843910,691843908,691821374],"class_list":["post-453532","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-artificial-impervious-surface-area-isa","tag-huge-manmade-infrastructure","tag-solar-energy","tag-temperature-records","tag-trees","tag-urban-areas","tag-urban-asphalt-parking-lot","tag-urban-heat-island-uhi-effect","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/0-ChatGPT-Global-artificial-impervious-surface-area-is-as-large-as-Spain-Germany-and-France-combined-%E2%80%A6-adding-up-to-25%C2%B0C-to-surface-temperatures.png?fit=1536%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1TZ2","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":350254,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=350254","url_meta":{"origin":453532,"position":0},"title":"Urban Legends of Climate Change: Palm Springs, California","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"11\/06\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"This is the first of what will likely be a series of posts regarding urban heat island (UHI) effects in daily record high temperatures. My previous UHI work has been using the GHCN monthly average station data of \u201cTavg\u201d (the average of the daily maximum [Tmax] and minimum [Tmin] temperatures).\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"ASOS (Automated Surface Observing System)\"","block_context":{"text":"ASOS (Automated Surface Observing System)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=asos-automated-surface-observing-system"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0GettyImages-653859300-9c67dc4b80024296a1b2d69021efc59e.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0GettyImages-653859300-9c67dc4b80024296a1b2d69021efc59e.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0GettyImages-653859300-9c67dc4b80024296a1b2d69021efc59e.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0GettyImages-653859300-9c67dc4b80024296a1b2d69021efc59e.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0GettyImages-653859300-9c67dc4b80024296a1b2d69021efc59e.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":441393,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=441393","url_meta":{"origin":453532,"position":1},"title":"The Urban Heat Island and Urban Cool Island: A Few Examples for U.S. Major Metropolitan Areas","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/25\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"One important aspect of the population density-based research was that the UHI effect on U.S. warming trends largely disappeared after about 1960. 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So, it was a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"daily maximum temperature (Tmax)\"","block_context":{"text":"daily maximum temperature (Tmax)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=daily-maximum-temperature-tmax"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-The-Urban-Heat-Island-and-Urban-Cool-Island-A-Few-Examples-for-U.S.-Major-Metropolitan-Areas.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-The-Urban-Heat-Island-and-Urban-Cool-Island-A-Few-Examples-for-U.S.-Major-Metropolitan-Areas.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-The-Urban-Heat-Island-and-Urban-Cool-Island-A-Few-Examples-for-U.S.-Major-Metropolitan-Areas.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-The-Urban-Heat-Island-and-Urban-Cool-Island-A-Few-Examples-for-U.S.-Major-Metropolitan-Areas.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-The-Urban-Heat-Island-and-Urban-Cool-Island-A-Few-Examples-for-U.S.-Major-Metropolitan-Areas.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":395476,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=395476","url_meta":{"origin":453532,"position":2},"title":"Urban Microclimates: Surface Temperature Trends Measured Across Ten Major Cities","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/15\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Understanding microclimatic changes driven by urbanization is critical in the context of global warming and climate change. 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