{"id":451353,"date":"2026-06-20T12:39:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-20T19:39:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=451353"},"modified":"2026-06-20T16:33:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T23:33:59","slug":"aircraft-observations-reveal-extreme-vapor-supersaturation-confirming-aerosol-driven-convective-cloud-invigoration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=451353","title":{"rendered":"Aircraft Observations Reveal Extreme Vapor Supersaturation, Confirming Aerosol-Driven Convective Cloud Invigoration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"485\" data-attachment-id=\"451354\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=451354\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1168,784\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"00 Aircraft Observations Reveal Extreme Vapor Supersaturation, Confirming Aerosol-Driven Convective Cloud Invigoration\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?fit=723%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?resize=723%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-451354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?resize=768%2C516&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?resize=640%2C430&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Aerosols<\/strong> (tiny particles from pollution, dust, smoke, etc.) influence cloud formation by acting as <strong>cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)<\/strong>. One debated pathway is &#8220;aerosol convective invigoration,&#8221; where higher aerosol concentrations can strengthen updrafts, increase cloud height, and enhance precipitation in convective systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A key proposed mechanism is <strong>condensational (or warm-phase) invigoration<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In very clean (low-aerosol) environments, cloud droplets form sparsely, coalesce quickly into raindrops, and reduce the total droplet surface area available for condensation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This can allow very high water vapor <strong>supersaturation<\/strong> (SS, where relative humidity exceeds 100%) to build up in strong updrafts because condensation can&#8217;t keep pace with the rising air&#8217;s cooling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When aerosols (especially ultrafine ones) are added, they activate into many additional small droplets. These provide more surface area, enabling rapid condensation of the excess vapor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The extra condensation releases more<strong> latent heat<\/strong>, boosting buoyancy and updraft speeds, which can invigorate the cloud&#8217;s vertical development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default wp-block-paragraph\">This differs from &#8220;cold-phase&#8221; invigoration (involving ice processes) and has been controversial due to limited direct observations of high SS in real clouds and modeling uncertainties<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Two new peer-reviewed papers central to the recent discussion on high supersaturation (SS) and aerosol convective invigoration.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Springer Paper (Main Observational Study)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Title:<\/strong> Aircraft-observed High Supersaturation Indicates the Potential of Aerosol Convective Invigoration Effect<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Journal:<\/strong> Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00376-026-5894-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1007\/s00376-026-5894-y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published: <\/strong>18 June 2026 (very recent)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract\/Key Points (Highlights):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deep convective clouds (DCCs) in the tropics were sampled during the CAMP\u00b2Ex campaign (2019, Philippines) using aircraft.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inferred supersaturation reached up to ~10% in the supercooled liquid zone (below 0\u00b0C), especially peaking in the \u221210\u00b0C to \u221220\u00b0C range.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SS increased with height, stronger updrafts, and progression of droplet coalescence (which reduces droplet surface area, slowing vapor consumption).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Higher concentrations of small droplets (indicative of more aerosols activating) were associated with lower SS \u2014 consistent with faster condensation consuming the excess vapor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This provides direct observational evidence that high-SS conditions (a key prerequisite) exist in real tropical DCCs, supporting the condensational (warm-phase) aerosol invigoration mechanism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study derives quasi-steady state SS from measured droplet spectra, updraft velocities, and microphysical properties rather than purely direct vapor sensors (direct high-SS measurements remain extremely challenging in strong updrafts).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deep convective clouds (DCCs) drive much of the global circulation and hydrological cycle, especially over the tropics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aerosols can invigorate the formation and development of DCCs by increasing the condensation efficiency of the water vapor to cloud water. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A major pathway for aerosol effects on DCCs is called condensational aerosol convective invigoration. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This suggests that adding aerosols to clean clouds at high supersaturation conditions leads to more numerous and smaller droplets. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This process reduces supersaturation and releases latent heat, invigorating the updrafts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, high supersaturation, a prerequisite for the invigoration, has been simulated but not observed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, based on aircraft observations of the Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment from August to October 2019, supersaturation values reaching up to 10% were observed in tropical DCCs at the supercooled zone below 0\u00b0C. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The supersaturation increased with height and with the progression of coalescence and accelerated updrafts, peaking over the \u221210\u00b0C to \u221220\u00b0C isotherm range. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, an increase in the number of small cloud droplets was associated with a decrease in supersaturation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These observations support the potential for condensational aerosol convective invigoration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. AGU\/JGR Paper (Companion\/Related Study)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Title:<\/strong> Quasi\u2010Steady State Supersaturation: Do High Values Derived From ESCAPE Represent Real High Supersaturations and the Potential for Condensational Invigoration<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Journal:<\/strong> Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2025JD045547\">10.1029\/2025JD045547<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published:<\/strong> Around June 10, 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This paper analyzes data from the<strong> ESCAPE<\/strong> campaign (likely U.S.-based deep convective cloud observations). It reports <strong>extreme supersaturations estimated up to 11%<\/strong> from 219 updraft cores, with peak in situ updrafts reaching 28 m\/s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Overall Context<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These two papers together strengthen the observational foundation for the warm-phase invigoration pathway, which had been heavily reliant on models and theory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They respond to prior skepticism (e.g., studies questioning whether sufficiently high SS exists in real clouds for significant invigoration to occur).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mechanism reminder:<\/strong> In clean, coalescing clouds \u2192 high SS builds up \u2192 added aerosols \u2192 more small droplets \u2192 rapid extra condensation + latent heat \u2192 stronger updrafts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limitations remain: SS is often inferred\/derived, measurements in the strongest convective cores are rare and difficult, and invigoration depends strongly on environmental conditions (not always observed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deep convective clouds were intensively sampled during the Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Environment (ESCAPE) with coordinated flights of the NRC Convair-580 and SPEC Learjet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> A total of 219 updraft core segments were sampled over coastal Texas and Louisiana under diverse meteorological conditions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Median updraft properties included widths of \u223c1\u00a0km, velocities of 4.8\u00a0m\u00a0s<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, droplet number concentrations of \u223c400\u00a0cm<sup>\u22123<\/sup>, and liquid water contents of 0.9\u00a0g\u00a0m<sup>\u22123<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The limitations of using the quasi-steady state approximation to derive supersaturations were explored. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supersaturation (<em>S<\/em><sub>QSS<\/sub>) estimated from in situ observations under a quasi-steady state assumption averaged 0.4% but occasionally exceeded 2%, with values\u00a0>1% (high supersaturations) identified as statistical outliers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two case studies illustrated the conditions linked to high supersaturations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a storm over the Gulf, median core\u00a0<em>S<\/em><sub>QSS<\/sub>\u00a0reached 2.46% in the developing stage compared to 2.17% in the mature stage under similar thermodynamic conditions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a storm over coastal Louisiana,\u00a0<em>S<\/em><sub>QSS<\/sub>\u00a0peaked near 11% within a 13.7-m\u00a0s<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0updraft, accompanied by predominantly supercooled liquid droplets at \u221213\u00b0C and exceptionally low diameter concentrations of 0.29\u00a0mm\u00a0cm<sup>\u22123<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bootstrap analysis of all sampled cores showed that high supersaturations are most probable in cold and mixed-phase regimes with moderate to strong updrafts and are strongly influenced by vertical velocity and droplet number concentrations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While extreme supersaturations (\u223c10%) were rare, their occurrence underscores the need for targeted multiplatform observations to resolve their spatiotemporal variability and assess their potential role in deep convective invigoration.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aerosols (tiny particles from pollution, dust, smoke, etc.) influence cloud formation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). One debated pathway is &#8220;aerosol convective invigoration,&#8221; where higher aerosol concentrations can strengthen updrafts, increase cloud height, and enhance precipitation in convective systems.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":451354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691824309,691843739,691843606,691843738,691843740,691843737,691843736],"class_list":["post-451353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-aerosols","tag-campex-campaign","tag-cloud-condensation-nuclei-ccn","tag-deep-convective-clouds-dccs","tag-direct-aircraft-observations","tag-escape","tag-supersaturation","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1TpT","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":330445,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=330445","url_meta":{"origin":451353,"position":0},"title":"New Paper from Henrik Svensmark on Supersaturation and Cloud Condensation Nuclei","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/28\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Clouds are an essential part of Earth\u2019s climate system. They play a big role in weather patterns, rain, and regulating global temperatures. A recent study titled \u201cSupersaturation and Critical Size of Cloud Condensation Nuclei in Marine Stratus Clouds,\u201d published in Geophysical Research Letters, gives us new information about how clouds\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Airborne Measurements\"","block_context":{"text":"Airborne Measurements","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=airborne-measurements"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/05210472.webp?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/05210472.webp?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/05210472.webp?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/05210472.webp?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/05210472.webp?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":449725,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=449725","url_meta":{"origin":451353,"position":1},"title":"Aerosols Can Warm or Cool the Climate \u2014 It All Depends on Timing","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/11\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Dagan (2026) explores the time-dependent dynamics of aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) in an idealized radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) framework using high-resolution cloud-resolving simulations (System for Atmospheric Modeling - SAM). It isolates local convective responses and environmental adjustments without large-scale circulation.","rel":"","context":"In \"Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI)\"","block_context":{"text":"Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=aerosol-cloud-interactions-aci"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Aerosols-Can-Warm-or-Cool-the-Climate-%E2%80%94-It-All-Depends-on-Timing.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Aerosols-Can-Warm-or-Cool-the-Climate-%E2%80%94-It-All-Depends-on-Timing.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Aerosols-Can-Warm-or-Cool-the-Climate-%E2%80%94-It-All-Depends-on-Timing.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Aerosols-Can-Warm-or-Cool-the-Climate-%E2%80%94-It-All-Depends-on-Timing.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Aerosols-Can-Warm-or-Cool-the-Climate-%E2%80%94-It-All-Depends-on-Timing.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":385616,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=385616","url_meta":{"origin":451353,"position":2},"title":"Cleaner Air, Sunshine &amp;\u00a0Temperatures","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/28\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Spring this year was by far the sunniest on record in the UK. Given that last year was one of the least sunny, we need to accept that natural variability plays the major role in all of this, but question marks remain about the longer-term trends, which are clearly increasing.","rel":"","context":"In \"Aerosols\"","block_context":{"text":"Aerosols","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=aerosols"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":353922,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=353922","url_meta":{"origin":451353,"position":3},"title":"Amazon forests really are cloud machines (and the climate models had no idea)","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/11\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201d Until now, isoprene\u2019s ability to form new [cloud seeding] particles have been considered negligible.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In \"Amazon forests\"","block_context":{"text":"Amazon forests","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=amazon-forests"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0Screen-Shot-2022-11-23-at-2.webp?fit=1200%2C708&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0Screen-Shot-2022-11-23-at-2.webp?fit=1200%2C708&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0Screen-Shot-2022-11-23-at-2.webp?fit=1200%2C708&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0Screen-Shot-2022-11-23-at-2.webp?fit=1200%2C708&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0Screen-Shot-2022-11-23-at-2.webp?fit=1200%2C708&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":337720,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=337720","url_meta":{"origin":451353,"position":4},"title":"Saharan dust regulates hurricane rainfall","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/27\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Giant plumes of Sahara Desert dust that gust across the Atlantic can suppress hurricane formation over the ocean and affect weather in North America.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/074456919007-062724-sunrise-01.webp?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/074456919007-062724-sunrise-01.webp?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/074456919007-062724-sunrise-01.webp?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/074456919007-062724-sunrise-01.webp?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/074456919007-062724-sunrise-01.webp?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":372534,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=372534","url_meta":{"origin":451353,"position":5},"title":"Climate Central\u2019s Urban Rainfall Claims Are All Wet","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"03\/28\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In its March 26, 2025, article titled \u201cHeavier Rainfall Rates in U.S. Cities,\u201d Climate Central (CC) claims that \u201cClimate change is supercharging the water cycle, bringing heavier rainfall extremes and related flood risks across the U.S.\u201d This conclusion is misleading at best, and scientifically irresponsible at worst. The evidence, when\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate Central (CC)\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate Central (CC)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-central-cc"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/063_1590113874.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/063_1590113874.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/063_1590113874.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/063_1590113874.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/063_1590113874.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/00-Aircraft-Observations-Reveal-Extreme-Vapor-Supersaturation-Confirming-Aerosol-Driven-Convective-Cloud-Invigoration.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/451353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=451353"}],"version-history":[{"count":33,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/451353\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":451387,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/451353\/revisions\/451387"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/451354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=451353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=451353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=451353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}