{"id":447956,"date":"2026-06-01T11:47:42","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T18:47:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=447956"},"modified":"2026-06-01T11:47:44","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T18:47:44","slug":"solar-cycles-are-becoming-skin-deep-helioseismology-reveals-progressive-shallow-confinement-of-magnetic-changes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=447956","title":{"rendered":"Solar Cycles Are Becoming Skin-Deep: Helioseismology Reveals Progressive Shallow Confinement of Magnetic Changes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"687\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"447958\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=447958\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"784,1168\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0 Solar Cycles Are Becoming Skin-Deep Helioseismology Reveals Progressive Shallow Confinement of Magnetic Changes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?fit=687%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?resize=687%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-447958\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?resize=687%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 687w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?resize=201%2C300&amp;ssl=1 201w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?resize=768%2C1144&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?resize=640%2C953&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?w=784&amp;ssl=1 784w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Helioseismology <\/strong>is the science of studying the Sun\u2019s interior by analyzing its natural oscillations\u2014primarily sound waves (acoustic waves) that propagate through its plasma, much like how geoseismology uses earthquake waves to probe Earth\u2019s interior. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These oscillations manifest as tiny Doppler shifts in spectral lines on the solar surface (velocities of order ~cm\/s). By measuring their frequencies, amplitudes, and travel times, scientists infer temperature, density, composition, rotation, flows, and magnetic structures deep inside the Sun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Sun rings like a bell with millions of resonant modes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main types are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>p-modes <\/strong>(acoustic\/pressure modes): Restored by pressure gradients. These dominate observations and travel as sound waves. They penetrate to different depths depending on frequency and degree (lower-frequency, low-degree modes reach deeper).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>g-modes<\/strong> (gravity modes): Restored by buoyancy. Harder to observe as they are trapped in the deep interior and evanescent near the surface (only weak surface signatures).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>f-modes<\/strong> (surface gravity modes): Like surface waves on water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modes are characterized by quantum numbers: radial order n, spherical harmonic degree l (total wavenumber), and azimuthal order m (related to longitude). Rotation and magnetic fields split the degeneracy in m (frequency splittings).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Observations rely on <strong>Doppler velocity<\/strong> (line-of-sight shifts) or intensity variations in photospheric spectral lines (e.g., Ni I 676.8 nm for GONG, Na D lines for BiSON, Fe I 617.3 nm for HMI). High precision, long-duration, and high duty-cycle data are essential because modes have long lifetimes but small amplitudes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers from the University of Birmingham and international collaborators analyzed nearly 40 years of data from the<strong> Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON)<\/strong>. They &#8220;listened&#8221; to the Sun\u2019s internal sound waves (acoustic p-modes) that are affected by magnetic activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solar cycles are driven by the Sun\u2019s magnetic dynamo in its interior. Traditional monitoring relies on surface features, but helioseismology reveals what\u2019s happening inside. These changes point to a possible evolution in the Sun\u2019s \u201cactive biorhythm\u201d over decades, not just the usual 11-year cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Implications include better <strong>space weather prediction <\/strong>(solar flares, coronal mass ejections that can affect satellites, power grids, etc.). The underlying cause of this shallowing isn\u2019t yet clear\u2014it may reflect a reorganization rather than simply weaker fields overall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>There is a recent scientific study (published May 2026) using helioseismology to probe the Sun\u2019s interior.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_____________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Subsurface structural changes associated with successive 11-yr solar activity cycles have been progressively more confined near the surface: new helioseismic results on Cycles 22\u201325 from BiSON&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This is the exact title of a new peer-reviewed paper by William J. Chaplin (University of Birmingham) and collaborators (including Sarbani Basu, Rachel Howe, and others), published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) in late May 2026.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using nearly 40 years (1987\u20132025) of <strong>Sun-as-a-star helioseismology data<\/strong> from the <strong>Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON)<\/strong>, the team analyzed solar p-mode (acoustic) frequency shifts across three frequency bands (low, mid, and high) and compared them to traditional activity proxies like the 10.7-cm radio flux and Sunspot Number (SSN).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Main results:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Low-frequency modes (&lt; ~2400 \u03bcHz):<\/strong> A change in behavior (departure\/offset from Cycle 22-scaled proxies) that began in the declining phase of Cycle 23 has <strong>persisted t<\/strong>hrough Cycles 24 and 25. This previously indicated structural changes confined to shallower than ~3000 km subsurface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mid-frequency modes: <\/strong>Systematic<strong> reduction in sensitivity<\/strong> to activity proxies over Cycles 23\u201325 compared to Cycle 22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High-frequency modes<\/strong> (~2920\u20133450 \u03bcHz, most sensitive to very near-surface layers ~1000 km or less): <strong>Striking change<\/strong> in Cycle 25. Frequency shifts are much stronger than expected from surface proxies. Cycle 25 appears <strong>as strong as (or stronger than) <\/strong>Cycles 22\/23 in this seismic band, despite being noticeably weaker in traditional surface indicators (e.g., SSN peak ~25% weaker than Cycle 22).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Overall conclusion:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subsurface structural\/magnetic changes linked to the <strong>11-year cycles <\/strong>have become<strong> progressively more confined<\/strong> to shallower layers just beneath the Sun\u2019s surface over successive cycles (22\u219225). This is not simply weaker overall fields but a change in<strong> radial confinemen<\/strong>t (geometry\/depth distribution) of the activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why This Is Significant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Helioseismology (studying sound waves that propagate through the Sun) provides a view inside that surface observations miss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traditional proxies (sunspots, radio flux) suggest Cycle 25 is moderate\/weaker; seismic data (especially high-frequency) paint a different picture of strong near-surface activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This implies an evolution in the <strong>Sun\u2019s magnetic dynamo<\/strong> behavior over decades, potentially a longer-term shift beyond the standard 11-year cycle (speculation in the paper includes possible Hale cycle links, but more data from late Cycle 25 and Cycle 26 are needed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The paper is short (~5 pages) and openly available on arXiv (arXiv:2605.29528). It builds on the team\u2019s earlier work from Cycles 21\u201324.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ongoing BiSON observations will test if this shallowing trend continues. Implications include refined understanding of solar variability, space weather forecasting, and long-term solar behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Published:<\/strong> &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/journals\/monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society\/\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stag847\">10.1093\/mnras\/stag847<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Provided:<\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/partners\/university-of-birmingham\/\">University of Birmingham<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Authors:<\/strong> <a href=\"javascript:;\">William J Chaplin<\/a>,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Sarbani Basu<\/a>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Rachel Howe<\/a>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Yvonne Elsworth<\/a>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Steven J Hale<\/a>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"javascript:;\">Eleanor Murray<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We use Sun-as-a-star helioseismology data, collected by the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network, to examine the relationship between the solar-cycle-induced frequency shifts of whole-Sun, low-angular degree solar\u00a0<em>p<\/em>\u00a0modes and well-known proxies of global solar activity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Changes in behaviour between the low-frequency modes and proxies, which in a previous study we found had occurred on the declining phase of Cycle 23, appear to have persisted into Cycle 25. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More striking is a significant change in the relationship for higher-frequency modes, which the new Cycle 25 data now reveal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The observed mean frequency shifts in Cycle 25 are much stronger than one would expect for these modes based on the relationship between the frequencies and proxies seen in previous cycles, in particular Cycle\u00a022. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In sum, Cycle 25 is as strong as Cycles\u00a022 and 23 when observed in this higher-frequency seismic band, in marked contrast to the relative sizes of the cycles seen in the global activity proxies, where Cycle\u00a025 is noticeably weaker. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When considered alongside a systematic reduction of the sensitivity of the mid-frequency modes to activity over the past three cycles, these results suggest that subsurface structural changes associated with successive 11-yr cycles are becoming ever more progressively confined just beneath the solar surface.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Helioseismology is the science of studying the Sun\u2019s interior by analyzing its natural oscillations\u2014primarily sound waves (acoustic waves) that propagate through its plasma, much like how geoseismology uses earthquake waves to probe Earth\u2019s interior. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":447958,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691820787,691843426,691843425,691843445,691843444,691820785,691819344,691843446,691843447],"class_list":["post-447956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-11-year-cycles","tag-asteroseismology","tag-birmingham-solar-oscillations-network-bison","tag-doppler-velocity","tag-helioseismology","tag-solar-activity","tag-solar-cycle-25","tag-space-weather-prediction","tag-suns-magnetic-dynamo","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-Solar-Cycles-Are-Becoming-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Progressive-Shallow-Confinement-of-Magnetic-Changes.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1Sx6","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":447716,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=447716","url_meta":{"origin":447956,"position":0},"title":"The Sun is Getting Skin-Deep: Helioseismology Reveals Solar Cycle Changes Becoming Increasingly Shallow","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/31\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Recent research using helioseismology (\"listening\" to the Sun) has revealed that solar magnetic activity and structural changes are becoming increasingly confined to shallow layers just beneath the surface, differing from what traditional surface observations (like sunspot counts) suggest.","rel":"","context":"In \"asteroseismology\"","block_context":{"text":"asteroseismology","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=asteroseismology"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-The-Sun-is-Getting-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Solar-Cycle-Changes-Becoming-Increasingly-Shallow.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-The-Sun-is-Getting-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Solar-Cycle-Changes-Becoming-Increasingly-Shallow.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-The-Sun-is-Getting-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Solar-Cycle-Changes-Becoming-Increasingly-Shallow.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-The-Sun-is-Getting-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Solar-Cycle-Changes-Becoming-Increasingly-Shallow.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-The-Sun-is-Getting-Skin-Deep-Helioseismology-Reveals-Solar-Cycle-Changes-Becoming-Increasingly-Shallow.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":393316,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=393316","url_meta":{"origin":447956,"position":1},"title":"Climate Oscillations 12: The Causes &amp; Significance","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"While internal variability may play a role in our observed oscillations, it is possible that gravitational forces and changes in solar output provide the pacing of the oscillations. Since all climate oscillations clearly influence the others through a mechanism named \u201cteleconnections,\u201d if the pacing of a few of the oscillations\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"astronomical periods\"","block_context":{"text":"astronomical periods","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=astronomical-periods"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNPLSWo_KzxXKVbW7IbL7_vsFYRwpeEDr7n4wOji7EYEkkB1n0lKGSzzfQRN21EEW2YTvQtJVQSWUfh7fwAwOb_zqmvvqK2jdNxixoG7mgswXaDvyZS-6qY2mUTFO5a-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNPLSWo_KzxXKVbW7IbL7_vsFYRwpeEDr7n4wOji7EYEkkB1n0lKGSzzfQRN21EEW2YTvQtJVQSWUfh7fwAwOb_zqmvvqK2jdNxixoG7mgswXaDvyZS-6qY2mUTFO5a-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNPLSWo_KzxXKVbW7IbL7_vsFYRwpeEDr7n4wOji7EYEkkB1n0lKGSzzfQRN21EEW2YTvQtJVQSWUfh7fwAwOb_zqmvvqK2jdNxixoG7mgswXaDvyZS-6qY2mUTFO5a-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNPLSWo_KzxXKVbW7IbL7_vsFYRwpeEDr7n4wOji7EYEkkB1n0lKGSzzfQRN21EEW2YTvQtJVQSWUfh7fwAwOb_zqmvvqK2jdNxixoG7mgswXaDvyZS-6qY2mUTFO5a-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNPLSWo_KzxXKVbW7IbL7_vsFYRwpeEDr7n4wOji7EYEkkB1n0lKGSzzfQRN21EEW2YTvQtJVQSWUfh7fwAwOb_zqmvvqK2jdNxixoG7mgswXaDvyZS-6qY2mUTFO5a-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":366551,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=366551","url_meta":{"origin":447956,"position":2},"title":"Sun Rules Earth\u00a0Climate","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/17\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Today we\u2019re talking again about\u00a0Grand solar minimum, but I also speak about a little bit of solar radiation and verification of the new solar\u00a0activity index we discovered with the existing one which is derived by average\u00a0Sunspot number.","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Screenshot-2025-02-17-145119.png?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Screenshot-2025-02-17-145119.png?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Screenshot-2025-02-17-145119.png?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Screenshot-2025-02-17-145119.png?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Screenshot-2025-02-17-145119.png?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":447561,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=447561","url_meta":{"origin":447956,"position":3},"title":"Modern Grand Solar Minimum (2020\u20132053): The Little Ice Age Has Begun","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/31\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Zharkova's double dynamo model reframes the solar cycle as the result of two coupled but slightly detuned magnetic waves from separate layers, whose interference naturally produces both the 11-year cycle and longer grand cycles\/minima. It offers an elegant explanation for observed variability and bold predictive power, but remains a minority\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"\"Little Ice Age Started\"\"","block_context":{"text":"\"Little Ice Age Started\"","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=little-ice-age-started"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Modern-Grand-Solar-Minimum-2020%E2%80%932053-The-Little-Ice-Age-Has-Begun.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Modern-Grand-Solar-Minimum-2020%E2%80%932053-The-Little-Ice-Age-Has-Begun.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Modern-Grand-Solar-Minimum-2020%E2%80%932053-The-Little-Ice-Age-Has-Begun.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Modern-Grand-Solar-Minimum-2020%E2%80%932053-The-Little-Ice-Age-Has-Begun.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0-Modern-Grand-Solar-Minimum-2020%E2%80%932053-The-Little-Ice-Age-Has-Begun.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":350328,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=350328","url_meta":{"origin":447956,"position":4},"title":"Natural Climate Change Factors","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"11\/06\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cConsensus\u201d scientists do not believe that solar variability, internal climate variability (in this model simplified to the ~67-year stadium wave), or volcanism influence net global warming or climate change since 1750, yet considerable evidence exists that these factors have an impact. I\u2019ve previously built a model of the\u00a0HadCRUT5\u00a0global average temperature\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO2)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO2)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/00Screenshot-2024-11-06-163438.png?fit=1152%2C758&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/00Screenshot-2024-11-06-163438.png?fit=1152%2C758&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/00Screenshot-2024-11-06-163438.png?fit=1152%2C758&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/00Screenshot-2024-11-06-163438.png?fit=1152%2C758&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/00Screenshot-2024-11-06-163438.png?fit=1152%2C758&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":377894,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=377894","url_meta":{"origin":447956,"position":5},"title":"The Sun\u2019s Little-Known 100-year \u201cGleissberg Cycle\u201d is Waking Up","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/10\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Via\u00a0SpaceWeather.com\u00a0You\u2019ve heard of the 11-year sunspot cycle. But what about the Centennial Gleissberg Cycle? The Gleissberg Cycle is a slower 100-year modulation of sunspots. New research just published in the journal\u00a0Space Weather\u00a0suggests that the Gleissberg Cycle is waking up again, which could make solar cycles for the next 50 years\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"current Solar Cycle 25\"","block_context":{"text":"current Solar Cycle 25","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=current-solar-cycle-25"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0solarflares.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0solarflares.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0solarflares.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0solarflares.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0solarflares.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/447956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=447956"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/447956\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":447991,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/447956\/revisions\/447991"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/447958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=447956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=447956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=447956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}