{"id":443935,"date":"2026-05-13T00:47:01","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T07:47:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=443935"},"modified":"2026-05-13T00:47:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T07:47:03","slug":"ethanol-not-the-energy-transition-were-looking-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=443935","title":{"rendered":"Ethanol: Not the Energy Transition We\u2019re Looking For"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Ike Kiefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

With current events stirring up global energy prices, corn ethanol is again being dressed up as if it is a domestic energy source and agent of energy security. The truth is that corn ethanol is an energy sump, and that it takes more fossil fuel energy to make a gallon of corn ethanol than a gallon of gasoline. It is time to face this unpleasant truth and the other perverse outcomes achieved by twenty years of misguided policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2005 and 2007, Congress passed the Energy Policy and Energy Independence and Security Acts that together created the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program. RFS had three stated objectives: to improve U.S. energy security, to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and to support rural economies and agricultural development. Instead, RFS has increased motor fuel prices, increased food prices, put millions of carbon-sequestering acres of land into intensive cultivation, increased GHG emissions and air pollution, and increased water consumption and pollution. As to energy security, the gallons of U.S. gasoline displaced by federal ethanol blending mandates are being exported to Mexico and other nations. The great success of RFS has been the hand of government transferring wealth from motorists to big ag corporations. It\u2019s past time to stop the economic and chemical absurdity of forcing food to be fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government wanted biofuels bad, and it got them bad. Under Corn Belt lobbying pressure, Congress cynically waived the need for RFS to achieve actual GHG reductions for all existing corn ethanol biorefineries, plus all that could be built by the end of 2010. The bulk of the corn ethanol produced over the past 20 years and still today comes from these waivered plants. The EPA\u2019s specious 2010 prediction that corn ethanol would achieve a 21% GHG reduction by 2022 was immediately challenged by the National Research Council for not properly counting land-use change and not realistically treating food competition and water use. This panel of experts from the National Academy of Sciences even questioned the viability of the entire concept of reducing GHG with biofuels. The most rigorous and honest estimate by a third party in testimony before Congress used the EPA\u2019s own methodology to show that adding corn ethanol to gasoline has increased GHG emissions by 28% over the pure gasoline baseline with no trajectory to ever recover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As to energy security, the goal was noble, but the method was irrational. Corn ethanol is critically dependent upon fossil fuels at every stage of production\u2014tractor and truck fuel, fertilizer and pesticides, biorefinery energy and chemicals. Biofuels in general are just a way to put a green fig leaf on petroleum by inefficiently re-routing it through a farm field. While corn ethanol production has plateaued at 15-16 billion gallons for the past 10 years\u2014not coincidentally matching the federal subsidy limit\u2014domestic crude oil production has skyrocketed due to technological innovations that have opened up vast new geological formations to economic production. Despite a raft of federal policies and actions as negative for petroleum as they have been favorable for biofuels, the USA is once again energy self-sufficient and the world\u2019s largest producer of crude oil and natural gas. In 2024, the USA exported 100 billion gallons of refined petroleum. Other countries are burning U.S. gasoline in their cars and producing the same CO2<\/sub> emissions as if Americans were allowed to use it. The energy security objective for RFS is moot, and it was never achievable with fossil-fuel dependent corn ethanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On of the great ironies is that RFS was authorized under the Clean Air Act. The EPA\u2019s own 2010 regulatory impact analysis showed it would increase net air pollution and cause up to 245 more U.S. deaths per year. The EPA also granted corn ethanol a perpetual vapor pressure waiver for smog-causing emissions that it has denied to petroleum. Perhaps worse, ethanol in gasoline enables the hydrocarbons to mix with water and thereby increase ground water and surface water contamination from fuel leaks to a far greater degree than the demonized MTBE it replaced as octane booster, yet EPA continues to ignore this risk completely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A government program that has strayed so far from its objectives should be terminated. The federal agency in charge of protecting the nation\u2019s environment should not be allowed to administer a program that\u00a0increases<\/em>\u00a0air pollution and stresses on water, land, and climate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fuel should be fuel and food should be food.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surely Congress can find a better way to genuinely promote U.S. energy security and boost rural economies without imposing the highly regressive tax of increased fuel prices, inflicting such harm to the nation\u2019s air and water resources, and promoting global food insecurity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ike Kiefer is a Visiting Fellow at the National Center for Energy Analytics and author of the study,Ethanol as Fuel: A Bridge to Nowhere<\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article was originally published by RealClearEnergy and made available via RealClearWire.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fuel should be fuel and food should be food.
\nWith current events stirring up global energy prices, corn ethanol is again being dressed up as if it is a domestic energy source and agent of energy security. The truth is that corn ethanol is an energy sump, and that it takes more fossil fuel energy to make a gallon of corn ethanol than a gallon of gasoline. It is time to face this unpleasant truth and the other perverse outcomes achieved by twenty years of misguided policy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":443937,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"{\"document\":\"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The Treasury Department\u00a0released\u00a0the\u00a0guidelines, which would allow biofuels that reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50% as determined by the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"air travel\"","block_context":{"text":"air travel","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=air-travel"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0SustainableFuel.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0SustainableFuel.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0SustainableFuel.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0SustainableFuel.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/0SustainableFuel.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":262181,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=262181","url_meta":{"origin":443935,"position":2},"title":"Right, New York Times, Biofuels Are Bad for the Environment","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/15\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"A recent guest op-ed in\u00a0The New York Times\u00a0identifies some of the problems with biofuels that make them much less environmentally friendly than their promoters claim. 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\"ethanol\"","block_context":{"text":"ethanol","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=ethanol"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-2.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-2.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-2.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-2.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":303683,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=303683","url_meta":{"origin":443935,"position":5},"title":"Biden Admin Reportedly Set To Greenlight Rule Change That Could Spike Gas Prices \u2014 But Not Until After The 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