{"id":438752,"date":"2026-04-11T07:56:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-11T14:56:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=438752"},"modified":"2026-04-11T07:56:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T14:56:29","slug":"proposed-theory-of-historical-global-cloud-cover","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=438752","title":{"rendered":"Proposed Theory of Historical Global Cloud Cover."},"content":{"rendered":"
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From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Blaisdell, PhD ChE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The earth\u2019s evaporation rate (mass\/time\/unit area) of water from oceans is higher than from land (2.4x).\u00a0 \u00a0This evaporation rate from land includes water from vegetation, ground, dew, as well as liquid water and is referred to as EvapoTranspiration, ET.\u00a0 Ocean\u2019s global annual ET(ga) rate is relatively constant while land\u2019s rate can change with local changes in EvapoTranspiration.\u00a0 Because of this difference in ocean vs land the earth\u2019s global annual ET(ga) is dependent on the size of the land and\/or the amount of land under the sun\u2019s zenith (both of which currently do not change).\u00a0 Historically scientists say the size of land and axis did change. \u00a0\u00a0This essay will propose a theory that calculates all three sources of the earth\u2019s ET(ga) change and what could have happened to cloud fraction and the earth\u2019s temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A sigmoidal relationship is proposed for vapor pressure deficit, VPD(ga) vs global annual enthalpy, En(ga), and global annual cloud fraction, CF(ga), \u00a0\u00a0A model shows possible global temperature change from changes in the earth\u2019s land mass, axis, local ET, and combinations of all 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A psychrometric chart will picture the two-step math in this natural climate change process to better understand the complex math.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four fundamental variables of atmospheric science are temperature, specific humidity (SH), pressure, and radiation. \u00a0The first three variables are used by the Clausius Clapeyron law to describe their energy (Enthalpy, En) and their relative humidity, RH, etc. \u00a0On a global daily basis these variables are quite hectic and are called weather.\u00a0 On a global annual basis things calm down to not much change except climate change.\u00a0 The Clausius Clapeyron law works for both daily and global annual data and can be seen in a psychrometric chart that somewhat simplifies this complicated relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is a consensus in the scientific community that the cloud fraction is the biggest uncertainty in climate change.\u00a0 The earth\u2019s (about 60%) cloud fraction reflects about 50% of the sun rays.\u00a0\u00a0 Prior to about 1980 little change in cloud fraction could be observed or measured it was assumed global cloud fraction was constant.\u00a0 Satellite data since about 1980 suggested that cloud fraction may be decreasing.\u00a0 A Cloud Reduction Global Warming, CRGW, theory\u00a0(8)<\/a>\u00a0has been proposed to show how a natural sequence of related atmospheric processes can explain the cloud reduction and account for the observed increase in temperature, increase in specific humidity, and decrease in relative humidity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From temperature and specific humidity, SH, the global annual Vapor Pressure Deficit, VPD(ga), can be calculated\u00a0(8)<\/a>. \u00a0VPD(ga) is a number that expresses how close the water concentration in the atmosphere is to the dew point, zero being the dew point (clouds highly probable) and the larger the number the less likely clouds will form somewhere on the earth. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cloud fraction, CF(ga), measurement includes partly cloudy, high thin clouds, highly reflective rain clouds, and a lot of other cloud types with varying degrees of reflectivity.\u00a0\u00a0 Enthalpy, En(ga) is a better indicator of non-reflectivity and is also correlates to CF(ga).\u00a0 VPD(ga) vs\u00a0 En(ga) does not have the baggage of CF(ga) and will be used in the model.\u00a0 Total enthalpy of the atmosphere has been shown to be equal to long wave radiation out\u00a0(10)<\/a>\u00a0and at all altitudes including the surface data is proportional to long wave radiation out, see\u00a0(10)<\/a>.\u00a0 Furthermore, ET(ga) is proportional to SH(ga), such that a change in ET(ga) = a change in SH(ga) and vs-vs.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trenberth et al (2011)\u00a0(12)<\/a>\u00a0documents total water evaporated\/yr (Figure 9 in\u00a0(12)<\/a>\u00a0) from oceans, 413 (1000km^3\/yr) and land at 73 (1000km^3\/yr).\u00a0 The ocean data includes ice and clouds (62%) (both oceans and land).\u00a0 These measurements can be converted to ET(ga) per unit of earth\u2019s surface area (1141(mm\/yr\/% of earth) for oceans and 494 (mm\/yr\/% of earth) for land), a 2.4 x higher ET rate from oceans.\u00a0 This difference in ocean vs land ET implies that any change in the earth\u2019s land area, or percentage land under the sun\u2019s zenith, or just land ET change may via CRGW theory change global temperature. \u00a0\u00a0This ocean vs land difference was observed in\u00a0(18)<\/a>. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This is a first principles model not a statical model to show understanding of the proposed theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The model starts out with a reference year since ET(ga) and SH(ga) are proportional they need a real starting point (NOAA data between 1975 and 2024) .\u00a0 \u00a0Next, a case study is chosen from any one or combination of: 1. change land size, 2. change axis shift of land under suns zenith, 3. change the ET of the land.\u00a0 Each case study calculates the ET(ga) (per year per unit area of earth\u2019s surface) change from the ocean (and ice) and land ETs above (1141 and 494).\u00a0 Check the\u00a0excel model\u00a0<\/a>attached for calculations. Table 1 gives some examples case from the model.\u00a0 Table 2 gives the input parameters and calculated ET(ga)s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The model uses Clausius-Clapeyron derived Psychometric equations (see\u00a0(8)<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0for equations) and a sigmoidal graph of VPD(ga) vs Enthalpy, En(ga). \u00a0The strategy of the model follows the path shown in Figure 1 and Figure 4.\u00a0 This path follows the adiabatic (constant En) line for increasing ET (SH) (to the left) or decreasing ET (SH) (to the right) to the point of SH(ga) change.\u00a0\u00a0 Then follows the constant VPD(ga) line to the En(ga) predicted by Figure 2. (Follow VPD(ga) up for decreasing \u00a0SH path, down for increasing SH path), see Figure 4 for a larger view of the path.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Figure 2 the middle of the graph is NOAA data from\u00a0(15)<\/a>\u00a01975 to 2024.\u00a0 The high and low asymptotes (all clouds and no clouds En(ga)) were calculated from\u00a0Dubal (16)<\/a>\u00a0and Loeb\u00a0(17)<\/a>\u00a0albedo data ratioed to known enthalpy data (adjusted for ocean and land area), all data at the same year.\u00a0 The parameters in the sigmoidal equation were then (by trial and error) fit to the data\u00a0(20)<\/a>.\u00a0 Special attention was given to the sigmoidal fit matching the linear NOAA data.\u00a0 The sigmoidal graph allowed the model to work outside of the narrow NOAA range of VPDs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 1. Psychrometric chart showing the two-step process in the CRGW theory.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 2. Sigmoidal fit of combined NOAA and CERES data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The curious results of this model are that an initial decrease in earth\u2019s ET(ga) will result in an increase ET(ga).\u00a0 This behavior can be seen on the psychrometric chart where the SH(ga) first decrease (for a -ET(ga)) on the adiabatic En line then increases on the constant VPD line per Figure 2.\u00a0 CRGW climate change is a two-step mathematical process where any time spent in the first step is only long enough to establish a new VPD to begin adjustment in cloud fraction.\u00a0 \u00a0(Psychrometric charts are used by HVAC technicians to design air-conditioning systems, this is the first time constant VPD lines have been added to a Psychrometric chart to explain climate change, see Figure 4).\u00a0 The two-step process happens in yearly cycles leaving a trail of data on a diagonal\u00a0 with the two-step path from the starting point to the end point, if the change in ET is + or \u2013 or no change the observed data will be on the diagonal line,\u00a0 At either end of the sigmoidal graph this may change.\u00a0\u00a0 At the end of the two-step path the resulting temperature and SH(ga must be solved by a convergence routine since the psychrometric equation contains mixed functions (log and linear). \u00a0See attached model for equations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The VPD(ga) vs cloud fraction is also a sigmoidal graph see Figure 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 3. Sigmoidal graph of VPD vs Cloud Percent.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Figure 4. +\/- ET(ga) change paths in the Model.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Other Model variables<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plumes occur over hot land and reach cloud level and can spread to cover areas larger than the surface they came from including the oceans.\u00a0 The hotter the more they spread.\u00a0 Plumes with low SH retard cloud formation (like a black parking lot). Plumes with high SH can make clouds (like a cooling tower). See\u00a0(6)<\/a>\u00a0for more on plumes.\u00a0 The model uses plumes factors from 1x to 4x.\u00a0 Little research is done on global plumes other than we know they exist.\u00a0 The model shows plume factors can have a big effect on global temperature.\u00a0 The plume factors are set at 1x for size of land cases, and 2x for land under the sun\u2019s zenith changes (for the expected hotter air), and 4x for special parcels where larger plumes are expected, see\u00a0(6)<\/a>.\u00a0 The model applies the plume factor to the whole earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ET of special parcels like UHIs (urban heat Islands), land changes like forest to crop, or surface mining, see\u00a0(8)<\/a>\u00a0for more on special parcels were estimated based on data from Mazrooei, et al (2021)\u00a0(19)<\/a>.\u00a0 ET changes from +10 to -50 can be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Special parcel size is estimated at about 5 to 15% of the earth\u2019s total land mass and growing, see\u00a0(19)<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0(7)<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0for more this.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Not in the model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Variations in the sun\u2019s radiation to the earth. Easy to add just did not do it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Volcanos also have historical climatic effects but appear to be short lived.\u00a0 Math like this essay may be applicable to volcanic effects on climate.\u00a0 Wet volcanoes (ones that have a lot of water in their plumes) cool the earth. Dry volcanoes (ones with just hot gas in the plumes) destroy clouds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While CO2\u2019s climatic effects are not discussed in this essay.\u00a0 CO2\u2019s increase or decrease can be an indicator of changes in ET(ga) from vegetation.\u00a0 Decreasing CO2 indicates that vegetation is increasing the ET(ga) (more clouds, cooler), vs-vs.\u00a0 Current monitoring of CO2 concentration shows variation CO2 with the growing seasons.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Model results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The case studies in tables 1,2,3 show the earth\u2019s temperature is very sensitive to axis rotation and land size.\u00a0 To the point that glaciers could be encouraged to grow or shrink with changes in the amount of land under the sun\u2019s zenith (axis rotation), see\u00a0(11)<\/a>, or change in the amount of land.\u00a0 Either one could be accented by vegetation changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The amount of increase in ET(ga) from cloud reduction seems to be related to the ratio of ET rate from oceans vs ET rate from land, for current data this ratio is 2-3 :1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The historical coming and going of glaciers cloud be related to a series of cases like the following: Start at today\u2019s conditions and rotate the earth so that less of the earth\u2019s land is under the sun, (more clouds) the earth will cool.\u00a0 The earth\u2019s vegetation will become more tropical near the sun\u2019s zenith; (more clouds) the earth will cool more. \u00a0\u00a0Glaciers will grow, oceans will shrink, more land will appear, CO2 will decrease.\u00a0 Finaly enough land has appeared so that global ET increases (less clouds).\u00a0 The earth rotates back to more land under the sun\u2019s zenith (less clouds). The earth becomes less tropical (less clouds) and the glaciers start to melt, seas rise and the earth returns to near current conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adding water to the atmosphere could return climate to 1975 conditions, but it is a lot of water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Don\u2019t worry about any of the cases, they will not happen in our time!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why wasn\u2019t this theory already discovered (or has someone already proposed it and the author has not found it)?\u00a0 The answer could be simple: history could not see cloud change.\u00a0 The current climate change opened our eyes to the possible existence of this natural theory waiting to be discovered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This expansion of the CRGW theory is intended to be a possible tool in the investigation of historical climate change to explore what did cloud fraction do as the earth changed over time and what future changes in the earth\u2019s land mass might do to cloud fraction.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To the scientist that study earth\u2019s changes over time: How well does this theory fit possible historic climate change vs earth\u2019s land changes?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thank You Anthony<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>For promoting diversity of thought<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Author\u2019s Papers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Where have all the Clouds gone and why care? \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. CO2 is Innocent but Clouds are Guilty.\u00a0 New Science has Created a \u201cBlack Swan Event\u201d** \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. More on Cloud Reduction.\u00a0 CO2 is innocent but Clouds are guilty (2023). \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. An Unexplored Source of Climate Change: Land Evapotranspiration Changes Over Time. \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. VPD, Vapor Pressure Deficit a Correlation to Global Cloud Fraction? \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Soundings, Weather Balloons, and Vapor Pressure Deficit \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Not that ET!\u00a0 The Terrestrial ET: EvapoTranspiration, the Unexplored Source of Climate Change \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. CRGW 101.\u00a0 A Competitive Theory to CO2 Related Global Warming \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. \u00a0<\/a>More Evidence on Vapor Pressure Deficit, Cloud Reduction, and Climate Change \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. Can Annual Irradiance = Annual Enthalpy? If So, What Does It Show About Climate Change \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. Slicing the earth to study Cloud Fraction and VPD. \u2013 Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Bibliography continued<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses (2011) by Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo, and Jessica Mackaro web link\u00a0Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses in: Journal of Climate Volume 24 Issue 18 (2011)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. \u201cHUMIDITY CONVERSION FORMULAS\u201d by Vaisala Oyj (2013) web link\u00a0Humidity_Conversion_Formulas_B210973EN-F (hatchability.com)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Climate Explorer web site\u00a0Climate Explorer: Select a monthly field (knmi.nl)\u00a0<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Physical Science Laboratory\u00a0Monthly Mean Timeseries: NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. \u201cRadiative Energy Flux Variation from 2001\u20132020\u201d (2021) by Hans-Rolf D\u00fcbal and Fritz Vahrenholt web link:\u00a0Atmosphere | Free Full-Text | Radiative Energy Flux Variation from 2001\u20132020 | HTML (mdpi.com)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. Norman G. Loeb,Gregory C. Johnson,Tyler J. Thorsen,John M. Lyman,Fred G. Rose,Seiji Kato web link\u00a0Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth\u2019s Heating Rate \u2013 Loeb \u2013 2021 \u2013 Geophysical Research Letters \u2013 Wiley Online Library<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    7. Figure 4 in 5 above and Met Office Climate Dashboard web Link\u00a0Humidity | Climate Dashboard (metoffice.cloud)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    8. . \u201cUrbanization Impacts on Evapotranspiration Across Various Spatio-Temporal Scales\u201d (2021) by Amir Mazrooei, Meredith Reitz, Dingbao Wang, A. Sankarasubramanian web link\u00a0Urbanization Impacts on Evapotranspiration Across Various Spatio\u2010Temporal Scales \u2013 Mazrooei \u2013 2021 \u2013 Earth\u2019s Future \u2013 Wiley Online Library<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    9. StackOverlow Q and A\u00a0scipy \u2013 Fit sigmoid function (\u201cS\u201d shape curve) to data using Python \u2013 Stack Overflow<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      It expands on the earlier Cloud Reduction Global Warming (CRGW) theory, proposing that long-term changes in global annual evapotranspiration (ET(ga)) \u2014 driven by the stark difference in evaporation rates between oceans and land \u2014 can explain historical variations in global cloud fraction (CF(ga)) and thus Earth’s temperature, independent of (or in addition to) CO\u2082 forcing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":438754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691829939,691821698,691842220],"class_list":["post-438752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-atmospheric-physics","tag-cloud-cover","tag-earths-evaporation-rate-mass-time-unit-area","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-explanatory-image.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1Q8E","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":362499,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=362499","url_meta":{"origin":438752,"position":0},"title":"Cloud Reduction Global Warming, CRGW 101.\u00a0 A Competitive Theory to CO2 Related Global Warming","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/17\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Cloud Reduction Global Warming, CRGW, theory is a cascading natural process that only since about 1970 has become significant in Climate Change. The basic elements of CRGW theory have been around forever, it is the size (% of the earth affected) that has increased to the point that this\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0clouds-vienna-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C832&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0clouds-vienna-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C832&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0clouds-vienna-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C832&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0clouds-vienna-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C832&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0clouds-vienna-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C832&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":338762,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=338762","url_meta":{"origin":438752,"position":1},"title":"VPD, Vapor Pressure Deficit a Correlation to Global Cloud Fraction?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/08\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The term \u201cVapor Pressure Deficit\u201d, VPD is not a new term it has been used in agricultural management for many years with correlations to plant growth and CO2 absorption. VPD is the difference between the atmospheric saturated water partial pressure, Psw, and the actual water vapor pressure, Pw. It is\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"CHIMP6\"","block_context":{"text":"CHIMP6","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=chimp6"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-clouds-over-the-ocean.jpeg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-clouds-over-the-ocean.jpeg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-clouds-over-the-ocean.jpeg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-clouds-over-the-ocean.jpeg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-clouds-over-the-ocean.jpeg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":408190,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=408190","url_meta":{"origin":438752,"position":2},"title":"Slicing the earth to study Cloud Fraction and VPD.","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/14\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"According to many sources, the earth\u2019s Cloud Fraction, CF, is the major source of climate change uncertainty. Cloud Fraction varies a lot from northern hemisphere to southern hemisphere and in-between. Global measurement of CF has a narrow range (64% to 60%). With accuracy challenging climate change models. This essay will\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Atmospheric physics\"","block_context":{"text":"Atmospheric physics","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=atmospheric-physics"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/0Screenshot-2025-10-14-192805.png?fit=1200%2C598&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/0Screenshot-2025-10-14-192805.png?fit=1200%2C598&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/0Screenshot-2025-10-14-192805.png?fit=1200%2C598&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/0Screenshot-2025-10-14-192805.png?fit=1200%2C598&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/0Screenshot-2025-10-14-192805.png?fit=1200%2C598&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":337365,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=337365","url_meta":{"origin":438752,"position":3},"title":"Yale Environment 360 Pushes Alarming Carbon Dioxide Story, Despite Beneficial Global Greening","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/23\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"A July 16th article published by Yale Environment 360 claims global greening is not a positive, but rather a negative because it will harm water supplies. This claim is at best amusing, and at worst, misleading. While acknowledging that many scientists see the greening of the Earth due to rising\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"climate alarmism\"","block_context":{"text":"climate alarmism","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-alarmism"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0-BG.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0-BG.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0-BG.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0-BG.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0-BG.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":271809,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=271809","url_meta":{"origin":438752,"position":4},"title":"CO2 Plant Transpiration Reduction Is a 9.1 Factor Larger Global Warming Driver Than CO2 GHG.","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/06\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"CO2 is not the big driver.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":341189,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=341189","url_meta":{"origin":438752,"position":5},"title":"Soundings, Weather Balloons, and Vapor Pressure Deficit","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/31\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Yes, it is about hot air, hot lower humidity air from any parcel of land that has lower annual evaporation of water with time (many years). Due to lack of cooling from evaporation this type of parcel has a higher temperature and lower specific humidity, SH, than in its virgin\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-Weather-Balloons.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-Weather-Balloons.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-Weather-Balloons.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-Weather-Balloons.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-Weather-Balloons.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/438752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=438752"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/438752\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":438773,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/438752\/revisions\/438773"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/438754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=438752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=438752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=438752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}