{"id":437290,"date":"2026-04-04T09:07:56","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T16:07:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=437290"},"modified":"2026-04-04T09:07:59","modified_gmt":"2026-04-04T16:07:59","slug":"us-heatwaves-much-worse-in-past","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=437290","title":{"rendered":"US Heatwaves Much Worse In\u00a0Past"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The US Annual Heat Wave Index measures the frequency and widespread nature of heat waves (defined as periods of at least 4 days where average temperatures are extremely rare, expected once every 10 years historically). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It shows clear peaks in the 1930s\u2014especially 1934 and 1936\u2014far higher than recent values. Extended periods of very high temperatures were more common then than in the 2000s\u20132020s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The index spiked dramatically during the Dust Bowl due to prolonged drought, poor land management, and natural variability (e.g., ocean patterns like the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation amplifying dry, hot conditions). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many sources, including NOAA-derived charts, confirm the 1930s stand out as the most extreme for this metric over the full record since 1895.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Paul Homewood<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

There were a few days of hot weather in the US a couple of weeks ago. Attribution \u201cscientists\u201d immediately jumped up and announced that the heatwave would have been \u201cvirtually impossible\u201d without challenge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s the same old, unsubstantiated claim that gets wheeled out every time it gets hot. And every time they ignore the lessons of history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If heatwaves are caused by global warming, what caused them in the past? Not only have they always occurred, they were considerably more severe in the past in the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017,\u00a0 the US Global Change Research Program published the Fourth National Climate Assessment, a report mandated by Congress:<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Running to 400+ pages, it was an extremely detailed, fully referenced assessment of the US climate and how it had changed over the years. Chapter 6, \u201cTemperature Changes in the United States\u201d, included this section on temperature extremes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The evidence was unarguable. By all measures, heatwaves in most of the country, with the exception of the west, had been considerably more severe in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conversely the same was true of extreme cold \u2013 that too had been more severe in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bear in mind that we are not talking about an isolated phenomenon, the Mid-West dustbowl years. The heatwaves of the 1930s were a national event, not a regional one, and were not confined to one summer. Indeed the heatwaves of the 1910s, 1920s, 1950s and 1980s were all memorable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These findings were embarrassing to say the least. I recall at the time an attempt to bury them by excluding them from the Executive Summary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That was in 1917. Six years later, the next edition, the Fifth National Climate Assessment came out with the same message:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Fifth National Climate Assessment<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Heatwaves had lessened in severity, except in the west. At the same time, cold extremes had also declined, alongside an apparent warming trend at night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These two reports are now buried in the archives. They are no longer available from the usual public sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thanks to my old links and Wayback though, I have now managed to download both from the NOAA Institutional Repository.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The US Annual Heat Wave Index measures the frequency and widespread nature of heat waves (defined as periods of at least 4 days where average temperatures are extremely rare, expected once every 10 years historically). It shows clear peaks in the 1930s\u2014especially 1934 and 1936\u2014far higher than recent values. Extended periods of very high temperatures were more common then than in the 2000s\u20132020s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":437292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"{\"document\":\"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A site often skeptical of mainstream climate narratives. It critiques a scientific paper on a North Atlantic marine heat wave, arguing that loose definitions of \"heat waves\" (e.g., temperatures exceeding historical percentiles) and ecological impacts lead\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Bad Science\"","block_context":{"text":"Bad Science","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=bad-science"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0MHW_maps_demo_trend_global-2048x1260-1.png?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0MHW_maps_demo_trend_global-2048x1260-1.png?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0MHW_maps_demo_trend_global-2048x1260-1.png?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0MHW_maps_demo_trend_global-2048x1260-1.png?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0MHW_maps_demo_trend_global-2048x1260-1.png?fit=1200%2C738&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":407812,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=407812","url_meta":{"origin":437290,"position":2},"title":"No, Bloomberg, One Chart Does Not Prove the World Is Getting Hot Fast","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/10\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In a recent column titled \u201cA Chart Climate Denialists Can\u2019t Ignore,\u201d Bloomberg writer Mark Gongloff presents a graph from Berkeley Earth\u2019s Zeke Hausfather as proof that \u201cthe world is getting hotter, and fast.\u201d While the chart may accurately display data, it is highly misleading because it doesn\u2019t take the root\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"1930s Dust Bowl\"","block_context":{"text":"1930s Dust Bowl","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1930s-dust-bowl"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AQMqBfY9Pmwy9vo24Mbni74o8HAv6jRwp6qSt3ubGFzf4hBfhqSGIUcYhrSsnW20YUYbSKw_kCJfKTVMm5kwFFcFjn-37nxLVvFZAR_lHwQBfBJzcL0cEUHGW-Vmh97EZ61mho_tDO3sPvQBZymIuqZmgOLA5w.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AQMqBfY9Pmwy9vo24Mbni74o8HAv6jRwp6qSt3ubGFzf4hBfhqSGIUcYhrSsnW20YUYbSKw_kCJfKTVMm5kwFFcFjn-37nxLVvFZAR_lHwQBfBJzcL0cEUHGW-Vmh97EZ61mho_tDO3sPvQBZymIuqZmgOLA5w.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AQMqBfY9Pmwy9vo24Mbni74o8HAv6jRwp6qSt3ubGFzf4hBfhqSGIUcYhrSsnW20YUYbSKw_kCJfKTVMm5kwFFcFjn-37nxLVvFZAR_lHwQBfBJzcL0cEUHGW-Vmh97EZ61mho_tDO3sPvQBZymIuqZmgOLA5w.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AQMqBfY9Pmwy9vo24Mbni74o8HAv6jRwp6qSt3ubGFzf4hBfhqSGIUcYhrSsnW20YUYbSKw_kCJfKTVMm5kwFFcFjn-37nxLVvFZAR_lHwQBfBJzcL0cEUHGW-Vmh97EZ61mho_tDO3sPvQBZymIuqZmgOLA5w.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AQMqBfY9Pmwy9vo24Mbni74o8HAv6jRwp6qSt3ubGFzf4hBfhqSGIUcYhrSsnW20YUYbSKw_kCJfKTVMm5kwFFcFjn-37nxLVvFZAR_lHwQBfBJzcL0cEUHGW-Vmh97EZ61mho_tDO3sPvQBZymIuqZmgOLA5w.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":169530,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=169530","url_meta":{"origin":437290,"position":3},"title":"Climate Alarmist Deception Distorting Long Established U.S. Heat Wave Data","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"25\/10\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Guest essay by Larry Hamlin The \u201cgold standard\u201d for EPA heat wave established data in the U.S. over the last 125 years is the U.S. Annual Heat Wave Index for 1895-2020 shown below which is\u00a0Figure 3 from the EPA\u2019s recently modified climate change heat wave indictors\u00a0website. The EPA notes the\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/0image-95.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":402345,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=402345","url_meta":{"origin":437290,"position":4},"title":"Wrong, The Guardian, Oil Company Operations Aren\u2019t Making Heatwaves Worse","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"15\/09\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In The Guardian\u2019s article, \u201cCarbon emissions from oil giants directly linked to dozens of deadly heatwaves for first time,\u201d Damian Carrington reports on a study claiming that the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from just 14 major fossil fuel companies were enough to cause more than 50 heatwaves that \u201cwould otherwise\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"1930s Dust Bowl\"","block_context":{"text":"1930s Dust Bowl","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1930s-dust-bowl"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":436025,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=436025","url_meta":{"origin":437290,"position":5},"title":"No, NPR, Climate Change Didn\u2019t Cause the Recent Heatwave","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"31\/03\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"National Public Radio (NPR) recently posted an interview, titled \u201cHow climate change has powered the heat wave blanketing much of the U.S.\u201d claiming the recent March heat dome is something that \u201chas not happened to this level before\u201d and that climate change is the reason record highs are outpacing record\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"1930s Dust Bowl\"","block_context":{"text":"1930s Dust Bowl","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1930s-dust-bowl"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/OIG-55.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/OIG-55.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/OIG-55.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/OIG-55.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437290","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=437290"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437290\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":437311,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437290\/revisions\/437311"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/437292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=437290"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=437290"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=437290"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}