{"id":427588,"date":"2026-02-23T18:38:08","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T17:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=427588"},"modified":"2026-02-23T20:48:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T19:48:28","slug":"scafetta-climate-models-fail-to-reproduce-the-medieval-warm-period-undermining-claims-of-unprecedented-man-made-warming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=427588","title":{"rendered":"Scafetta: Climate Models Fail to Reproduce the Medieval Warm Period, Undermining Claims of Unprecedented Man-Made Warming"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"427605\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=427605\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?fit=1360%2C752&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1360,752\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0 Ma\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?fit=723%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?resize=723%2C400&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-427605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?resize=1024%2C566&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?resize=300%2C166&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?resize=768%2C425&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?resize=640%2C354&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?resize=1200%2C664&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?w=1360&amp;ssl=1 1360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern climate models are used to support the claim that recent warming is unprecedented and largely man-made. This claim is based on the assumption that the models can accurately reproduce Earth&#8217;s past climate behavior. But they don\u00b4t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A closer look at Nicola Scafetta&#8217;s new&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1342937X25001273?via%3Dihub\">study<\/a>&nbsp;shows that climate models repeatedly fail to reproduce known warm periods of the past, including the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) between about 900 and 1300 AD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scafetta highlights the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, ~900\u20131300 CE) as a prime example of model shortcomings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proxy-based reconstructions (e.g., from earlier studies like Lamb 1965, and more recent ones such as Moberg et al. 2005, Ljungqvist 2010, Christiansen and Ljungqvist 2012) show a pronounced warm phase in the Northern Hemisphere, often estimated as warmer than the first half of the 20th century in some records, followed by the Little Ice Age (LIA, ~1300\u20131850 CE). These form part of quasi-millennial oscillations (e.g., the Eddy cycle).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, CMIP GCMs (especially those in CMIP6 used for IPCC AR6) produce relatively flat or minimally varying temperatures during this medieval interval. They do not capture the significant warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicola Scafetta is an Italian physicist and researcher (affiliated with institutions like the University of Naples and previously with Duke University\/NASA-related labs) known for his work on climate variability, solar influences, and critiques of mainstream climate models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His research frequently discusses the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, roughly 800\u20131350 CE), a period of relative warmth documented in various paleoclimate records, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g., Europe, North Atlantic regions). Scafetta argues that the MWP (along with earlier periods like the Roman Warm Period) reflects significant natural climate variability, often linked to a quasi-millennial oscillation in climate records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key points from his publications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He highlights that current global climate models (e.g., CMIP6 models used in IPCC reports) fail to reproduce the MWP. For instance, in his 2021 and 2024 papers, he points out that these models show little to no warming during the medieval era because they assume low secular variability in total solar irradiance (TSI) and lack mechanisms to capture natural millennial-scale cycles. He references IPCC AR6 figures acknowledging larger model-reconstruction disagreements before ~1300 CE.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scafetta attributes the MWP (and contrasting cold periods like the Little Ice Age) primarily to solar activity variations, including higher solar output during the medieval era, possibly amplified by non-radiative mechanisms (e.g., solar magnetic modulation of cosmic rays or other particle fluxes). He contrasts this with models that minimize solar forcing, leading them to attribute nearly all modern warming to anthropogenic factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In reconstructions (e.g., his 2021 millennial global surface temperature work), he incorporates natural oscillations (including ~60-year, ~1000-year cycles) and suggests these explain a substantial portion of historical and recent temperature changes, implying lower equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS around 1\u20132 \u00b0C) than many GCMs assume.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broader context in his work: He uses multi-proxy solar records and empirical analyses to argue that natural variability (solar\/astronomical) has been underestimated, affecting interpretations of both the MWP and modern warming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Detection, attribution, and modeling of climate change: Key open issues&#8221; is a 2025 (published 2026 in print) open-access review paper by Nicola Scafetta, published in Gondwana Research (Volume 152, April 2026, Pages 92-128; DOI: 10.1016\/j.gr.2025.05.001). An earlier preprint appeared on arXiv in May 2025 (arXiv:2506.13994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This work builds on Scafetta&#8217;s longstanding research emphasizing natural climate variability (especially solar and astronomical influences), critiques of mainstream Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) global climate models (GCMs), and implications for lower climate sensitivity and moderated future warming projections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Main Highlights and Arguments<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Core Thesis: Climate science faces unresolved &#8220;key open issues&#8221; in detection (accurately identifying changes), attribution (assigning causes), and modeling (simulating past and future climates). Scafetta argues that CMIP GCMs (used heavily in IPCC assessments) struggle significantly with these, particularly in reproducing natural multi-timescale variability observed throughout the Holocene, including periods like the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Primary Scientific Challenges Identified:\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Uncertainties in observational data: Global surface temperature records may be affected by non-climatic biases, such as urban heat island (UHI) effects, station moves\/relocations, instrumentation changes, and land-use alterations. Scafetta suggests these could lead to overestimation of recent warming trends, citing evidence like rural-only station subsets showing less warming and the post-1980 &#8220;divergence problem&#8221; between instrumental records and tree-ring proxies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Underestimation of natural variability: GCMs assume low secular solar irradiance variability and lack adequate mechanisms for millennial-scale cycles (e.g., Eddy ~1000-year cycle). This causes poor hindcasting of pre-industrial warm\/cold periods and over-attribution of recent warming to anthropogenic factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Model-observation discrepancies: Examples include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lack of observed tropical upper-tropospheric &#8220;hot spot&#8221; predicted by models.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Satellite tropospheric records showing less warming than surface records (especially in the Northern Hemisphere), suggesting surface data inflation (~21% excess globally since ~1980\u20132020).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Divergences in proxy vs. instrumental trends post-1980.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Climate Sensitivity and Projections:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) to CO\u2082 doubling may be lower than IPCC ranges (often &gt;3 \u00b0C), with empirical estimates suggesting ~1.1 \u00b1 0.4 \u00b0C or below 3 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Incorporating natural oscillations (e.g., 60-year, millennial cycles) in harmonic\/empirical models explains much of 20th\u201321st century warming, projecting only moderate additional warming (1 \u00b0C or less by 2100 under mid-range SSP scenarios).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This challenges the urgency of aggressive &#8220;Net-Zero&#8221; mitigation policies, favoring adaptation and refined modeling over drastic emissions cuts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Policy and Broader Implications:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Scafetta calls for more refined approaches that better integrate natural drivers (solar, astronomical) and address data uncertainties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He argues GCM limitations mean projections may overestimate risks, urging open discussion of alternatives for informed, sustainable strategies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/1-s2.0-S1342937X25001273-main.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of 1-s2.0-S1342937X25001273-main.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-452fbc1b-8d63-4237-8079-25a2ddf709b4\" href=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/1-s2.0-S1342937X25001273-main.pdf\">1-s2.0-S1342937X25001273-main<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/1-s2.0-S1342937X25001273-main.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-452fbc1b-8d63-4237-8079-25a2ddf709b4\">Herunterladen<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Modern climate models are used to support the claim that recent warming is unprecedented and largely man-made. This claim is based on the assumption that the models can accurately reproduce Earth&#8217;s past climate behavior. But they don\u00b4t.<\/p>\n<p>A closer look at Nicola Scafetta&#8217;s new\u00a0study\u00a0shows that climate models repeatedly fail to reproduce known warm periods of the past, including the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) between about 900 and 1300 AD.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":427605,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Modern climate models are used to support the claim that recent warming is unprecedented and largely man-made. This claim is based on the assumption that the models can accurately reproduce Earth's past climate behavior. But they don\u00b4t.\n\nA closer look at Nicola Scafetta's new\u00a0study\u00a0shows that climate models repeatedly fail to reproduce known warm periods of the past, including the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) between about 900 and 1300 AD.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691826848,691824320,691819281,691835669,691841604,691823634],"class_list":{"0":"post-427588","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-cmip6-climate-model","9":"tag-ipcc-reports","10":"tag-little-ice-age","11":"tag-medieval-warm-period-mwp-2","12":"tag-solar-activity-variations","13":"tag-total-solar-irradiance-tsi","15":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Ma.jpg?fit=1360%2C752&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1NeA","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":376187,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=376187","url_meta":{"origin":427588,"position":0},"title":"New Study: Plant Remains Embedded in a Modern Glacier Evidence a Warmer Antarctica 1000 Years Ago","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"24\/04\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"According to a\u00a0new study, moss samples with intact leaves and stems 10 to 13 mm long have been discovered embedded in glacier ice \u2013 the Boulder Clay Glacier (BCG) \u2013 in Antarctica\u2019s Victoria Land.","rel":"","context":"In \"Boulder Clay Glacier (BCG)\"","block_context":{"text":"Boulder Clay Glacier (BCG)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=boulder-clay-glacier-bcg"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-557.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-557.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-557.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-557.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":332053,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=332053","url_meta":{"origin":427588,"position":1},"title":"New Study: Western Greenland Was \u20181.5-2\u00b0C Warmer Than Today\u2019 During Medieval Warm Period","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/06\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"A new West Greenland temperature reconstruction (Strunk et al., 2024) finds the region was 1.5 to 2\u00b0C warmer than today from 560 to 1100 CE, encompassing the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).","rel":"","context":"In \"1.5 to 2\u00b0C warmer\"","block_context":{"text":"1.5 to 2\u00b0C warmer","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1-5-to-2c-warmer"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/07a7bc857d1632fef7807bc52aa034b54.jpg?fit=1200%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/07a7bc857d1632fef7807bc52aa034b54.jpg?fit=1200%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/07a7bc857d1632fef7807bc52aa034b54.jpg?fit=1200%2C720&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/07a7bc857d1632fef7807bc52aa034b54.jpg?fit=1200%2C720&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/07a7bc857d1632fef7807bc52aa034b54.jpg?fit=1200%2C720&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":163667,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=163667","url_meta":{"origin":427588,"position":2},"title":"MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD ERASED BY IPCC NEW REPORT","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"20\/09\/2021","format":false,"excerpt":"IPCC 6th Climate Report: Who Deleted The Medieval Warm Period? Tracks Lead To University Of Bern From the NoTricksZone By\u00a0P Gosselin\u00a0on\u00a02. September 2021 Science scandal: What follows is an excellent overview of how the Medieval Warm Period was once again disappeared from the latest IPCC climate report. =========================================== Who Erased\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":197316,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=197316","url_meta":{"origin":427588,"position":3},"title":"AR6 Model Failure Affirmed: \u2018No Model Group Succeeds Reproducing Observed Surface Warming Patterns\u2019","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"25\/04\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"A\u00a0new study\u00a0published in\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters\u00a0highlights the abysmal model performance manifested in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report (AR6). 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