{"id":417976,"date":"2025-12-20T16:32:25","date_gmt":"2025-12-20T15:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=417976"},"modified":"2025-12-20T16:32:28","modified_gmt":"2025-12-20T15:32:28","slug":"climate-study-storms-reduce-the-summer-ocean-heat-gain-by-limiting-solar-radiation-reaching-the-surface","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=417976","title":{"rendered":"Climate Study: \u201cStorms reduce the summer ocean heat gain by limiting solar radiation reaching the surface\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"723\" data-attachment-id=\"417979\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=417979\" 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https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQM5B6fKQlmTIbMUU27CpDFhLf49T1PDvgWCmIwpIkJKtfA9YhGlqO7Fx_spQhvu-MGCrseoLvqwufpbTRUP9l0au1Fv8qmaXL6TW6kRPJBm0PdA1w5oPvA2OqmOG8gSVCYOUyIm6vWjZNAnn2Np7vuC51cqPg.jpeg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/2025\/12\/17\/climate-study-storms-reduce-the-summer-ocean-heat-gain-by-limiting-solar-radiation-reaching-the-surface\/\">Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Essay by<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/author\/eworrall1\/\">Eric Worrall<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to a recent study, climate models overestimate Southern Ocean surface heating, because they underestimate the impact of storms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NEWS RELEASE&nbsp;16-DEC-2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Storms in the Southern Ocean mitigates global warming<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/releaseguidelines\">Peer-Reviewed Publication<\/a><br>UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Intense storms that sweep over the Southern Ocean enable the ocean to absorb more heat from the atmosphere. New research from the University of Gothenburg shows that today\u2019s climate models underestimate how storms mix the ocean and thereby give less reliable future projections of our climate.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Southern Ocean is a vast expanse of ocean encircling the Antarctic continent, regulating Earth\u2019s climate by moving heat, carbon, and nutrients out in the world\u2019s oceans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It provides a critical climate service by absorbing over 75 per cent of the excess heat generated by humans globally. The Southern Ocean\u2019s capacity to reduce climate warming depends on how efficiently it can absorb heat from our atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOur research shows that summers with stronger storm activity generate lower surface temperatures across the Southern Ocean. Hence, a stormy ocean can absorb more heat from the atmosphere, then in calm weather,\u201d says Marcel du Plessis, Researcher in oceanography at the University of Gothenburg and main author of the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How much heat the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere influences everything from how high temperatures will be on land, to the extent of sea ice and the severity of marine heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current climate models, which underpin the climate projections used to guide policy, tend to underestimate the strength of Southern Ocean storms and thereby simulate an overly warm ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThat is why our findings are important, because a better representation of storm processes is essential for more accurate future climate projections,\u201d says Marcel du Plessis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s in the Antarctic summer that storms have their strongest impact on ocean heat uptake. In winter, completely different processes take place. This will be the next challenge for researchers to observe and understand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Media Contact<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Olof L\u00f6nnehed<br>University of Gothenburg<br><a href=\"mailto:olof.lonnehed@science.gu.se\">olof.lonnehed@science.gu.se<\/a><br>Office: +46 766-186970<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Expert Contact<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marcel du Plessis<br>University of Gothenburg<br><a href=\"mailto:marcel.du.plessis@gu.se\">marcel.du.plessis@gu.se<\/a><br>Cell: +46 72 900 8118Read more:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1109536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1109536<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The abstract of the study;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Published:&nbsp;03 December 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Southern Ocean summer warming is regulated by storm-driven mixing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#auth-Marcel_D_-du_Plessis-Aff1\">Marcel D. du Plessis<\/a>,\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#auth-Sarah_Anne-Nicholson-Aff2\">Sarah-Anne Nicholson<\/a>,\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#auth-Isabelle-Giddy-Aff1\">Isabelle Giddy<\/a>,\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#auth-Pedro_M__S_-Monteiro-Aff3\">Pedro M. S. Monteiro<\/a>,\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#auth-Channing_J_-Prend-Aff4\">Channing J. Prend<\/a>&amp;\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#auth-Sebastiaan-Swart-Aff1-Aff5\">Sebastiaan Swart<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/ngeo\"><em>Nature Geoscience<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(2025)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#citeas\">Cite this article<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"Abs1\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Southern Ocean absorbs most of the excess heat resulting from climate change. However, climate projections show a persistent warm summer bias in its sea surface temperatures, indicating a limited understanding of the air\u2013sea heat exchange mechanisms governing this region. Here we examine the impact of storms on the interannual variability of Southern Ocean surface temperatures during summer using in situ observations from underwater and surface robotic vehicles, climate reanalyses and satellite data. We show that synoptic-scale\u00a0<strong>storms regulate summer sea surface temperatures through alteration of the effective heat capacity of the mixed layer and the entrainment of colder water from below. Storms reduce the summer ocean heat gain by limiting solar radiation reaching the surface.<\/strong>\u00a0This effect is partially offset by a reduction in heat loss due to turbulent air\u2013sea exchange. We also find that interannual variations in sea surface temperature during summer in the Southern Ocean are driven by changes in storm-mean wind speeds, which are linked to the Southern Annular Mode. Our results demonstrate a causal link between storm forcing and sea surface temperature variability, which is critical for reducing warming biases in climate models and improving future climate projections. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Read more:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From the study;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the third period (days 23 to 47), a series of intense storms deepened the mixed layer to about 100\u2009m. This, along with a reduction of the mean net heat flux to 131\u2009W\u2009m<sup>\u22122<\/sup>, decreased the SST warming rate to 0.025\u2009\u00b0C\u2009d<sup>\u22121<\/sup>. The drop in heat flux was primarily due to the reduction in incoming top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation (Fig.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#Fig2\">2f<\/a>). That said, with the positive net heat flux still large, the SST continued to increase until reaching the seasonal maximum (<em>T<\/em><sub>max<\/sub>\u2009=\u20092.28\u2009\u00b0C). After this, the SST remained comparatively stable at \u22120.002\u2009\u00b0C\u2009d<sup>\u22121<\/sup>&nbsp;as the net heat flux reduced to 88\u2009W\u2009m<sup>\u22122<\/sup>, again due to a drop in incoming shortwave radiation (Fig.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#Fig2\">2f<\/a>). This slightly negative SST tendency\u2014despite the positive heat flux\u2014can be explained by a multi-day entrainment-driven cooling associated with deep turbulent mixing, starting on day 47 (Fig.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#Fig2\">2e<\/a>&nbsp;and Extended Data Fig.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#Fig9\">3<\/a>). Thus, in addition to regulating MLD and the mixed-layer\u2019s heat capacity, intense storms can reduce SST through wind-driven entrainment of cooler subsurface water. This is seen during two other notable SST cooling events in response to mixing below the MLD, on days 5 and 24 (Fig.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#Fig2\">2a,c<\/a>). Cumulatively, all three entrainment events reduced the SST by about 1\u2009\u00b0C over the summer (Fig.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3#Fig2\">2a<\/a>), with the two strongest events cooling the SST by 0.4\u2009\u00b0C each (days 24 to 27 and days 47 to 52). These large SST changes, caused by individual storms, highlight the rectified effect of storm-driven entrainment on the seasonal-scale warming during summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026Read more:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-025-01857-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Same link as above<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Interesting they forgot to mention the part about storms limiting solar radiation reaching the surface in the press release.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another part they left out is how much this underestimated deep mixing is likely to retard global warming, thanks to the enormous thermal capacity of the oceans. Even if the model interpretation that most global warming is being absorbed by the ocean is correct, it would likely take thousands of years to nudge deep ocean temperature by a single degree. The ocean depths are just above freezing, 12,000 years of Holocene interglacial global warming has barely nudged the dial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given the uptick in storms when summer insolation heats the sea, storms which act to reduce sea surface temperature, it seems likely stronger than expected summer storms are yet another unaccounted-for negative feedback which works against climate alarmist fantasies of runaway global warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to a recent study, climate models overestimate Southern Ocean surface heating, because they underestimate the impact of storms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":417979,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"Explore how Southern Ocean storms play a key role in regulating heat absorption, challenging current climate models and predictions.","jetpack_seo_html_title":"How Southern Ocean Storms Mitigate Climate Change Effects","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":true,"token":"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.68iSqGHiD46qWIesJnytDx3tRX5xgDtcNtp8qcI9c48MQ"},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818056,691818153,691818087,691822276,691818733,691840220],"class_list":{"0":"post-417976","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-climate-change","9":"tag-climate-models","10":"tag-global-warming","11":"tag-sea-surface-temperature-sst","12":"tag-southern-ocean","13":"tag-university-of-gothenburg","15":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQM5B6fKQlmTIbMUU27CpDFhLf49T1PDvgWCmIwpIkJKtfA9YhGlqO7Fx_spQhvu-MGCrseoLvqwufpbTRUP9l0au1Fv8qmaXL6TW6kRPJBm0PdA1w5oPvA2OqmOG8gSVCYOUyIm6vWjZNAnn2Np7vuC51cqPg.jpeg?fit=1280%2C1280&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1KJy","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":441135,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=441135","url_meta":{"origin":417976,"position":0},"title":"Why Climate Models Get Ocean Warming Patterns Wrong: They Exaggerate Greenhouse Gas Effects on the Hemispheres","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"24\/04\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Climate models and ocean observations diverge primarily on the pattern of hemispheric ocean warming\u2014specifically, the interhemispheric thermal contrast (IHTC), or the difference in average sea surface temperature (SST) between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is not a failure of global temperature trends (models and observations align closely on overall\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"anthropogenic aerosols\"","block_context":{"text":"anthropogenic aerosols","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=anthropogenic-aerosols"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-Why-Climate-Models-Get-Ocean-Warming-Patterns-Wrong-They-Exaggerate-Greenhouse-Gas-Effects-on-the-Hemispheres.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-Why-Climate-Models-Get-Ocean-Warming-Patterns-Wrong-They-Exaggerate-Greenhouse-Gas-Effects-on-the-Hemispheres.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-Why-Climate-Models-Get-Ocean-Warming-Patterns-Wrong-They-Exaggerate-Greenhouse-Gas-Effects-on-the-Hemispheres.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-Why-Climate-Models-Get-Ocean-Warming-Patterns-Wrong-They-Exaggerate-Greenhouse-Gas-Effects-on-the-Hemispheres.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0-Why-Climate-Models-Get-Ocean-Warming-Patterns-Wrong-They-Exaggerate-Greenhouse-Gas-Effects-on-the-Hemispheres.jpg?fit=1168%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":206150,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=206150","url_meta":{"origin":417976,"position":1},"title":"\u2018A Significant and Robust Cooling Trend\u2019 In the Southern Ocean From 1982\u20132020 Defies Climate Models","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"27\/06\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"A new study reports there has been a -0.3\u00b0C cooling in the Southern Ocean since 1982 per multiple observational data sets. The authors detail the \u201cfailure of CMIP5 models in simulating the observed SST cooling in the Southern Ocean.\u201d The Southern Ocean is today about 1-2\u00b0C colder than it has\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/0Southern-Ocean-cooled-0.3C-from-1982-2020-Xu-2022.jpg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/0Southern-Ocean-cooled-0.3C-from-1982-2020-Xu-2022.jpg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/0Southern-Ocean-cooled-0.3C-from-1982-2020-Xu-2022.jpg?fit=1200%2C658&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, 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hydrological cycle significantly [orders of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate models\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate models","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-models"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00modelsvsdata.png?fit=1200%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00modelsvsdata.png?fit=1200%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00modelsvsdata.png?fit=1200%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00modelsvsdata.png?fit=1200%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00modelsvsdata.png?fit=1200%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":219772,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=219772","url_meta":{"origin":417976,"position":3},"title":"Updated climate models clouded by scientific biases, researchers find","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"20\/09\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Another hole in \u2019settled\u2018 climate science","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/image-983.png?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/image-983.png?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/image-983.png?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/image-983.png?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, 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