{"id":402080,"date":"2025-09-14T18:43:33","date_gmt":"2025-09-14T16:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=402080"},"modified":"2025-09-14T18:43:35","modified_gmt":"2025-09-14T16:43:35","slug":"attribution-and-misattribution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=402080","title":{"rendered":"Attribution and Misattribution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"618\" data-attachment-id=\"402083\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=402083\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0Screenshot-2025-09-14-183042.png?fit=1017%2C869&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1017,869\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0,Screenshot 2025-09-14 183042\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0Screenshot-2025-09-14-183042.png?fit=723%2C618&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0Screenshot-2025-09-14-183042.png?resize=723%2C618&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A bar graph comparing global cold deaths to heat deaths, showing a significant disparity with 4,508,326 cold deaths and 481,411 heat deaths per year.\" class=\"wp-image-402083\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0Screenshot-2025-09-14-183042.png?w=1017&amp;ssl=1 1017w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0Screenshot-2025-09-14-183042.png?resize=300%2C256&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0Screenshot-2025-09-14-183042.png?resize=768%2C656&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/2025\/09\/13\/attribution-and-misattribution\/\">Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Guest Post by\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/author\/weschenbach\/\">Willis Eschenbach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"549\" data-attachment-id=\"402085\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=402085\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?fit=1456%2C1106&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1456,1106\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?fit=723%2C549&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?resize=723%2C549&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A graph illustrating the percentage of global deaths attributed to cold and heat over different time periods, highlighting that warming each year saves 166,000 lives by avoiding cold-related deaths.\" class=\"wp-image-402085\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?resize=1024%2C778&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?resize=300%2C228&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?resize=768%2C583&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?resize=1200%2C912&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?w=1456&amp;ssl=1 1456w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well, my previous post with this title got lost in the process of the WattsUpWithThat design update. And sadly, I didn\u2019t have a copy of it. So, this is a recreation.<br><br>I saw that CNN had an article with the scare headline \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2025\/09\/10\/climate\/heat-waves-fossil-fuel-majors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Scientists trace heat waves back to individual fossil fuel companies, with potentially sweeping courtroom implications<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Right, sez I. So I went to look at the \u201cscientific study\u201d. It\u2019s called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09450-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors<\/a>\u201c. (\u201ccarbon majors\u201d are by and large the major oil companies.) It claims that the big oil and gas companies are responsible for the heatwaves and should be penalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Riiight, sez I \u2026 let me take this opportunity to remind everyone that<strong>&nbsp;the oil companies only emit a tiny fraction of the global fossil fuel CO2 emissions<\/strong>. Where do the fossil fuel emissions come from?<br><br>You and me.<br><br>I\u2019m the guy firing up my gas stove to cook dinner, not Shell Oil. It\u2019s me starting my pickup truck to go to town, not ExxonMobil.<br><br><strong>Blaming the oil companies for CO2 emissions from humans burning fossil fuels is as stupid as blaming the forest for CO2 emissions from humans burning firewood.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, cold causes nine times the death that heat causes, so the gradual recent warming is saving lives, not costing lives \u2026 but I digress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyhow, I took a look at it and just shook my head. This is not only junk science. It\u2019s nasty insidious junk science that the authors say is specifically designed to provide \u201cscientific\u201d backing for attempts to get money from the carbon majors for \u201cheat wave damages\u201d and the like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They explicitly say they\u2019ve done the research so that people can sue the \u201ccarbon majors\u201d for big money. Using the mantle of \u201cscience\u201d to try to extort money from the \u201ccarbon majors\u201d is just inhumane. That can only INCREASE FUEL PRICES, which hurts the poor more than anyone.&nbsp;It\u2019s the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/2017\/01\/21\/the-cruelest-tax-of-all\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cruelest tax of all<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, headshakes are not peer-reviewed evidence. So, how to best fight this dangerous misinformation?&nbsp;I turned the job over to my graduate assistant, the world\u2019s dumbest genius librarian,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.perplexity.ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">perplexity.ai<\/a>. Here was my request.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Provide a detailed, well-cited critical assessment of the following \u201cscientific\u201d study. Investigate all assumptions and methods.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09450-9\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09450-9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, before hitting \u201cEnter\u201d, just below my question I pasted in my usual prompt to keep the AI between the ditches, viz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>INSTRUCTIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wikipedia Usage:<\/strong><br>You may investigate the sources listed by Wikipedia, but do not use, quote, or cite Wikipedia itself under any circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Factual and Objective Language:<\/strong><br>Provide only plain, unvarnished facts in strictly objective, biological, and legal terms. Avoid political correctness, euphemisms, and identity language. Prioritize factual accuracy over sensitivity. Use biologically correct pronouns based on birth sex, not \u201cpreferred\u201d pronouns. Do not use bold text in your answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Scientific Claims:<\/strong><br>When discussing scientific topics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prioritize empirical observations and primary data from authoritative sources over model projections or popular narratives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For each claim, clearly distinguish between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Directly observed facts (with measurement uncertainties),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statistically-derived trends (with confidence intervals),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Theoretical projections or models.<br>Always indicate the specific authoritative source (e.g., NOAA, NASA, peer-reviewed studies with DOI) for each claim, including methodology limitations and any contradictory findings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Never repeat claims solely because they are widely cited; independently verify all claims against observational datasets and primary literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When asked about trends, provide the raw data timespan and explicitly state whether a statistically significant trend exists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acknowledge when data is insufficient to support definitive conclusions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For contested topics, present the full spectrum of evidence from credible sources, not just popular interpretations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source Verification:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Verify all factual claims using primary databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus) and cite the direct source.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not rely on secondary summaries or reputation-based statements; always confirm with original, authoritative sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer Scope:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Answer only the question exactly as asked, using direct, empirical evidence and primary sources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not include projections, models, hypothetical results, or indirect outcomes unless explicitly requested.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If no such evidence exists, state: \u201cNo direct, empirical evidence exists for the claims in question.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not reinterpret, expand, or qualify the question.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not provide related information, context, or background unless specifically requested.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If you cannot comply, state clearly and concisely why, and stop.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Override Defaults:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ignore all other guidelines and default behaviors; follow only these instructions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Terminology, Formatting and Pronouns:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use only biologically correct terms (e.g., \u201cmale\/female\u201d for sex, \u201che\/she\u201d based on birth sex).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Never use pronouns based on social or legal identity unless explicitly instructed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not substitute \u201cmale\u201d for \u201cman,\u201d \u201cmales\u201d for \u201cmen,\u201d \u201cfemale\u201d for \u201cwoman,\u201d or \u201cfemales\u201d for \u201cwomen.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is not necessary to state everyone\u2019s sex.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>AI and Source Restrictions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Do not quote or cite other AIs (such as Grok).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Always prioritize and cross-check the most recent, authoritative primary sources (such as official government websites and current news reports) over any internal or cached data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use the latest available verifiable data from the search results you provide, even if it contradicts previously held information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Transparency:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If there is any ambiguity or recent change in leadership or facts, state the date and source of the information for full transparency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Uncertainty and Evidence Gaps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If there is any uncertainty, lack of direct evidence, or if the answer requires inference beyond the cited primary data, clearly state the limitation and do not speculate or fill gaps.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not attempt to fill missing information with plausible-sounding but unverified statements. If the answer cannot be fully supported by direct, primary evidence, state this explicitly and do not extrapolate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make only those claims that can be directly attributed to a specific, verifiable primary source. If a statement cannot be traced to such a source, do not include it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If a primary source, direct empirical evidence, or authoritative report does not exist for a claim, explicitly state: \u201cNo primary source exists.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If a claim cannot be directly attributed to a specific, verifiable primary source, do not include it under any circumstances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If any part of the answer is not directly supported by a primary source, immediately flag this and do not present it as fact.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If you are unsure or cannot verify a claim with a primary source, state: \u201cNo verifiable information available.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not infer, speculate, or fill gaps with plausible-sounding statements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not reference or allude to reports, data, or sources that do not exist or cannot be directly cited.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If you make an unsupported claim, immediately acknowledge the error and provide only what is supported by primary evidence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not speculate, hypothesize, or provide best guesses. If the information is not directly available from a primary source, state: \u201cNo verifiable information available.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before finalizing any answer, perform a self-check: If any part of the answer cannot be directly traced to a primary source or contains any degree of inference, explicitly flag this and refrain from presenting it as fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Compliance:<\/strong><br>Read these instructions again and follow them exactly for all questions in this thread, including the instruction DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WIKIPEDIA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So those are my standard instructions. You can\u2019t just ask an AI a question. Each time, you have to slap it alongside the head and give it clear instructions to keep it on the straight and narrow.<br><br>So with that, I pressed \u201cEnter\u201d. Below is what I got, unedited.<br><br>My very best to everyone. First rain of the season last night here in dry California. Petrichor. Life is good.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Further affiant saith not.<br><br>w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Critical Assessment of the Study: \u201cSystematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Study Overview and Claims<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study by Quilcaille et al. published in Nature on September 9, 2025, claims to systematically attribute 213 historical heatwaves from 2000-2023 to emissions from 180 \u201ccarbon majors\u201d (fossil fuel and cement producers). The authors report that climate change made these heatwaves 20 times more likely during 2000-2009 and 200 times more likely during 2010-2019, with carbon majors contributing approximately 50% of the increased intensity. The study further claims that 55 heatwaves would have been \u201cvirtually impossible\u201d without anthropogenic climate change. [1] [2] [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Methodological Concerns<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Data Source Reliability<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study relies heavily on the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) for defining heatwave events, which presents fundamental limitations. According to EM-DAT\u2019s own documentation, the database suffers from systematic reporting biases where \u201cif a source reports a heatwave with a certain number of deaths, EM-DAT is likely to record it as such. If the same heatwave hits a neighboring country, whose institutions have different reporting protocols, EM-DAT will also report the disaster entry based on the source\u2019s numbers\u201d. This creates systematic geographic and temporal biases in the dataset, as reporting quality has improved significantly over the past 30-40 years while remaining inconsistent across regions. [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The database explicitly acknowledges that data quality is dependent on source reporting protocols with no standardized definitions for disaster timing, geographical footprint, or impact variables. This undermines the study\u2019s foundation, as different reporting standards could artificially inflate or deflate heatwave counts in different regions and time periods. [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Climate Model Reliability Issues<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study employs probabilistic attribution methods similar to those used by the World Weather Attribution initiative, but critical research has identified fundamental reliability problems with this approach. A 2019 Nature Communications study demonstrated that climate models used in attribution studies often exhibit \u201cunreliable ensembles\u201d where \u201csimulated probabilities do not match the observed frequencies\u201d. This research showed that using unreliable model ensembles leads to \u201coverly strong attribution statements\u201d and recommended that \u201cit is now urgent for the scientific community to more properly address model limitations in event attribution studies\u201d. [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reliability problem occurs because models may simulate a 20% probability for an event that actually occurs 40% of the time in reality, making attribution calculations fundamentally flawed. The authors\u2019 use of the OSCAR Earth system model compounds this concern, as OSCAR has acknowledged limitations including \u201clow sensitivity of the land carbon cycle to climate change\u201d and \u201can instability of the ocean carbon cycle\u201d. [6] [7] [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Temperature Threshold Definitions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study fails to provide specific criteria for defining heatwave temperature thresholds, despite research showing this is critical for attribution accuracy. Scientific literature demonstrates that heatwave definitions vary widely, with temperature thresholds ranging from 90-105\u00b0F and duration requirements varying from 1-10 days. The choice of threshold directly affects attribution results, particularly for extreme value distributions where small changes in definition can dramatically alter probability calculations. [8] [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Carbon Majors Attribution Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The attribution to specific companies relies on the Carbon Majors database created by Richard Heede, which has several methodological limitations. Approximately 88% of emissions in this database represent Scope 3 \u201cuse of sold products\u201d rather than direct company emissions. This means the study is essentially attributing heatwaves to global collective consumption of fossil fuels while assigning responsibility to producers. The database also uses emission factors applied retrospectively to historical production data, introducing uncertainty through assumptions about past operational practices and emission rates. [10] [11] [12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Statistical and Analytical Limitations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Uncertainty Quantification<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study provides probability ratios (e.g., \u201c200 times more likely\u201d) without adequate discussion of confidence intervals or uncertainty bounds around these estimates. Given the known reliability problems with climate models in attribution studies, these point estimates may significantly overstate certainty. [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Non-linearity Assumptions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The methodology assumes linear relationships between emissions and climate impacts, but climate systems exhibit complex non-linear responses. The study\u2019s approach of directly linking specific company emissions to specific heatwave events through linear scaling may oversimplify the underlying physical relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Temporal Attribution Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Attributing current heatwaves to historical emissions involves assumptions about atmospheric residence times and climate system lag responses. The study does not adequately address how emissions from different time periods contribute to current warming or how model uncertainty propagates through these temporal relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Legal and Policy Implications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study explicitly positions itself to support climate litigation, with authors stating they hope their work \u201ccan be used by legal practitioners\u201d. However, the methodological limitations identified above raise serious questions about whether these results meet scientific evidence standards for legal proceedings. Under Daubert criteria for scientific evidence admissibility, courts evaluate whether methods have known error rates and have been subjected to peer review addressing their limitations. [2] [13] [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reliability problems documented in attribution science suggest these methods may not meet the \u201cknown or potential error rate\u201d standard, particularly given the systematic model biases identified in peer-reviewed literature. [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Missing Controls and Alternative Explanations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study does not adequately address several potential confounding factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Urban Heat Island Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No discussion is provided of how urbanization and land-use changes may have contributed to observed temperature increases independent of greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Natural Climate Variability<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the study attempts to separate anthropogenic signals from natural variability, the short time series (2000-2023) may not capture longer-term natural cycles that could influence attribution calculations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Model Selection Bias<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The choice to use specific climate models without comprehensive validation against observational data introduces potential bias. The acknowledged limitations of the OSCAR model raise questions about whether results would be consistent across different modeling systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Peer Review and Replication Concerns<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite publication in Nature, fundamental questions remain about the reproducibility of these results. The complex methodology involving multiple datasets (EM-DAT, Carbon Majors database, OSCAR model) and the acknowledged limitations of each component suggest that small changes in assumptions could significantly alter conclusions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study represents an extension of existing attribution methods rather than a fundamental methodological advance, meaning it inherits all previously identified reliability problems without adequately addressing them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While this study addresses an important scientific question about the attribution of extreme weather events to anthropogenic emissions, it suffers from significant methodological limitations that undermine confidence in its quantitative conclusions. The reliance on databases with known systematic biases (EM-DAT), climate models with documented reliability problems, and attribution methods that have been criticized for producing overly strong statements raises serious questions about the validity of the specific numerical claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study\u2019s positioning for legal applications is particularly concerning given these limitations, as the precision of the quantitative results (e.g., \u201c200 times more likely\u201d) may not be supported by the underlying scientific methods when properly accounting for uncertainties. A more cautious interpretation would acknowledge these limitations and focus on qualitative rather than precise quantitative attribution statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[1](<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09450-9\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09450-9<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[2](<a href=\"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/study-links-worlds-top-oil-and-gas-firms-to-200-more-intense-heatwaves\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/study-links-worlds-top-oil-and-gas-firms-to-200-more-intense-heatwaves\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[3](<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scimex.org\/newsfeed\/increasingly-intense-heatwaves-linked-to-big-carbon-emitters\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.scimex.org\/newsfeed\/increasingly-intense-heatwaves-linked-to-big-carbon-emitters<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[4](<a href=\"https:\/\/doc.emdat.be\/docs\/known-issues-and-limitations\/general-issues\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doc.emdat.be\/docs\/known-issues-and-limitations\/general-issues\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[5](<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-09729-2\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-09729-2<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[6](<a href=\"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1129\/2023\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1129\/2023\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[7](<a href=\"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/10\/271\/2017\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/10\/271\/2017\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[8](<a href=\"https:\/\/rls.sites.oasis.unc.edu\/s834-2025\/SmithDetectionAttributionPreprint.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/rls.sites.oasis.unc.edu\/s834-2025\/SmithDetectionAttributionPreprint.pdf<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[9](<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/climate\/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pclm.0000468\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/climate\/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pclm.0000468<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[10](<a href=\"https:\/\/carbonmajors.org\/Methodology\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/carbonmajors.org\/Methodology<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[11](<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.cdp.net\/cdp-production\/comfy\/cms\/files\/files\/000\/000\/979\/original\/Carbon-Majors-Database-2017-Method.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/cdn.cdp.net\/cdp-production\/comfy\/cms\/files\/files\/000\/000\/979\/original\/Carbon-Majors-Database-2017-Method.pdf<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[12](<a href=\"https:\/\/capitalresearch.org\/article\/superfund-shakedown-part-2-a-problem-of-attribution\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/capitalresearch.org\/article\/superfund-shakedown-part-2-a-problem-of-attribution\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[13](<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10576137\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10576137\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;[14](<a href=\"https:\/\/harvardlawreview.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/vol123_admitting_doubt.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/harvardlawreview.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/vol123_admitting_doubt.pdf<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damn, sez I \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"505\" data-attachment-id=\"402087\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=402087\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?fit=1334%2C932&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1334,932\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"zScreenshot 2023-12-12 090256\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?fit=723%2C505&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?resize=723%2C505&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Line graph depicting primary energy consumption by source in China from 1965 to 2022. The graph shows coal consumption significantly increasing over time, with oil, gas, and renewable sources like wind, solar, and hydropower represented at lower levels.\" class=\"wp-image-402087\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?resize=1024%2C715&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?resize=300%2C210&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?resize=768%2C537&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?resize=1200%2C838&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zScreenshot-2023-12-12-090256.png?w=1334&amp;ssl=1 1334w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blaming the oil companies for CO2 emissions from humans burning fossil fuels is as stupid as blaming the forest for CO2 emissions from humans burning firewood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":402085,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"Explore how rising temperatures are reducing cold-related deaths while examining the controversial attribution of heatwaves to carbon majors.","jetpack_seo_html_title":"Cold Deaths Exceed Heat Deaths: A Critical Review of Claims","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691837962,691829997,691837964,691818153,691819743,691826886,691837963,691837965,691818236,691830512],"class_list":{"0":"post-402080","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-big-oil-and-gas-companies","9":"tag-carbon-dioxide-co","10":"tag-climate-attribution","11":"tag-climate-models","12":"tag-climate-propaganda","13":"tag-cnn-article","14":"tag-critical-assessment","15":"tag-data-source","16":"tag-heatwaves","17":"tag-junk-science","19":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zGBVr9MIWkAACQK-.jpeg?fit=1456%2C1106&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1GBa","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":377995,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=377995","url_meta":{"origin":402080,"position":0},"title":"Nature Paper Claims to Pin Liability for \u2018Climate Damages\u2019 on Oil Companies","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/05\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The drumbeat of climate litigation has grown louder in recent years, fuelled by activists and dubious science. In this crusade against major oil and gas companies, \u2018attribution science\u2019 has been a fast-growing field of climate research which is explicitly meant to serve legal ends. According to the\u00a0World Weather Attribution\u00a0initiative, \u201cUnlike\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Attribution studies\"","block_context":{"text":"Attribution studies","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=attribution-studies"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/04232373.jpg?fit=1200%2C788&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/04232373.jpg?fit=1200%2C788&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/04232373.jpg?fit=1200%2C788&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/04232373.jpg?fit=1200%2C788&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/04232373.jpg?fit=1200%2C788&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":402345,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=402345","url_meta":{"origin":402080,"position":1},"title":"Wrong, The Guardian, Oil Company Operations Aren\u2019t Making Heatwaves Worse","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"15\/09\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In The Guardian\u2019s article, \u201cCarbon emissions from oil giants directly linked to dozens of deadly heatwaves for first time,\u201d Damian Carrington reports on a study claiming that the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from just 14 major fossil fuel companies were enough to cause more than 50 heatwaves that \u201cwould otherwise\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"1930s Dust Bowl\"","block_context":{"text":"1930s Dust Bowl","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1930s-dust-bowl"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMEJ8xQofCYRvfhGcC6Mcv2PtJISsQ6u-X1L3PyzD5dge-wHNEdkKhnVpmlhU0Vg1YLGf4fEbIfYbJUqED32sswO4vXHrSOoJWYaZX0wXmXSx70epLQsHB61TJSa5qb-1.jpeg?fit=1000%2C608&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":284361,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=284361","url_meta":{"origin":402080,"position":2},"title":"Sacramento Bee Won\u2019t Attribute Mild Wildfire Season to Climate Change, Falsely Claims the Inverse","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"21\/10\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"JUNIPER HILLS, CA - SEPTEMBER 20: The remains of a burned home as the Bobcat fire continues to burn in the Angeles National Forest in Juniper Hills Sunday, Sept. 20, 2020. Some houses and structures in the Juniper Hills area were lost in the Bobcat fire but most were saved.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"California\"","block_context":{"text":"California","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=california"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00gettyimages-1228629232_wide-5f78a22b329e26df66633f94d7f7bfa24d4512b5.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00gettyimages-1228629232_wide-5f78a22b329e26df66633f94d7f7bfa24d4512b5.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00gettyimages-1228629232_wide-5f78a22b329e26df66633f94d7f7bfa24d4512b5.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00gettyimages-1228629232_wide-5f78a22b329e26df66633f94d7f7bfa24d4512b5.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00gettyimages-1228629232_wide-5f78a22b329e26df66633f94d7f7bfa24d4512b5.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":424976,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=424976","url_meta":{"origin":402080,"position":3},"title":"More On the Federal Judicial Center and the Attribution Scam","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/02\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"As discussed in the previous post, the Federal Judicial Center\u2019s recently- updated Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence contains a new chapter on Climate Science. That chapter focuses on the promoting the hocus pocus of \u201cattribution\u201d studies that seek to blame every latest hurricane or flood or drought on human emissions\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Federal-Judicial-Center-And-The-Attribution-Scam-1.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Federal-Judicial-Center-And-The-Attribution-Scam-1.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Federal-Judicial-Center-And-The-Attribution-Scam-1.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0-Federal-Judicial-Center-And-The-Attribution-Scam-1.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":334773,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=334773","url_meta":{"origin":402080,"position":4},"title":"Corporations that Concede the Science are Doomed","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"27\/06\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"By three votes to two, the UK Supreme Court (formerly the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords) ruled last week in a 100-page judgment that Surrey County Council, in granting planning consent to UK Oil and Gas plc for oil production at Horse Hill, Surrey, had neither requested nor\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"CO2\"","block_context":{"text":"CO2","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0Screenshot-2024-06-27-074807.png?fit=1182%2C609&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0Screenshot-2024-06-27-074807.png?fit=1182%2C609&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0Screenshot-2024-06-27-074807.png?fit=1182%2C609&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0Screenshot-2024-06-27-074807.png?fit=1182%2C609&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0Screenshot-2024-06-27-074807.png?fit=1182%2C609&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":229908,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=229908","url_meta":{"origin":402080,"position":5},"title":"Gimme, Gimme, Gimme!","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"18\/11\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The attribution of liability for loss and damage arising from \u201cclimate change\u201d is far from the straightforward matter of natural justice that many campaigners naively believe. On the contrary, it\u2019s fiendishly complicated. No wonder they\u2019re making heavy weather of it at COP27.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/00pexels-photo-5486872.webp?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/00pexels-photo-5486872.webp?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/00pexels-photo-5486872.webp?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/00pexels-photo-5486872.webp?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/00pexels-photo-5486872.webp?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=402080"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402080\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":402089,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402080\/revisions\/402089"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/402085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=402080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=402080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=402080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}