{"id":390659,"date":"2025-07-25T10:56:43","date_gmt":"2025-07-25T08:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=390659"},"modified":"2025-07-25T10:56:44","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T08:56:44","slug":"icj-issues-biased-advice-on-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=390659","title":{"rendered":"ICJ Issues Biased Advice on Climate Change"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"723\" data-attachment-id=\"390669\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=390669\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?fit=1280%2C1280&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1280\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?fit=723%2C723&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=723%2C723&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A judge wearing a green robe and hat sits smiling in a courtroom setting with blurred figures in the background.\" class=\"wp-image-390669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, 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https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=450%2C450&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?resize=550%2C550&amp;ssl=1 550w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/2025\/07\/23\/icj-issues-biased-advice-on-climate-change\/\">Science Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/author\/ronaldrc\/\">Ron Clutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"316\" data-attachment-id=\"390660\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=390660\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?fit=1200%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,525\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?fit=723%2C316&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?resize=723%2C316&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A diverse group of protesters holding signs advocating for climate justice and human rights, with a large banner reading 'OUR SURVIVAL IS...' in the foreground. A billboard in the background displays the message 'WE ARE WATCHING!'.\" class=\"wp-image-390660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?resize=1024%2C448&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?resize=300%2C131&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?resize=768%2C336&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-660.png?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Activists hoping the opinion from the ICJ\u2019s judges will have far-reaching legal consequences in the fight against climate change Image: Peter Dejong\/AP Photo\/picture alliance<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The media is rampant today with headlines like these:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">World Court says countries are legally obligated to curb emissions, protect climate,&nbsp;<strong>UN News<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">World\u2019s top court says major polluters may need to pay reparations for climate harm,&nbsp;<strong>CNN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UN\u2019s top court says failing to protect planet from climate change could violate international law,<strong>&nbsp;CBC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Top UN court says countries can sue each other over climate change,&nbsp;<strong>BBC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Top U.N. Court Says Countries Must Act on Climate Change,&nbsp;<strong>New York Times<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Etc., Etc., Etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I asked perplexity.ai:&nbsp;<\/strong>(bolds in answer supplied by perplexity)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question: How did the ICJ address scientists disputing IPCC reports like Clintel in its climate advice?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:&nbsp;<\/strong>The International Court of Justice (ICJ), in its advisory proceedings on climate change,&nbsp;<strong>did not address or give consideration to scientists or groups\u2014such as Clintel\u2014who dispute the findings of the IPCC<\/strong>. Instead, the ICJ relied heavily and explicitly on the IPCC as the authoritative source on climate science throughout the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key points from the available evidence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The ICJ held a\u00a0<strong>private meeting with IPCC scientists<\/strong>\u00a0just before hearings began, reflecting the Court\u2019s view of the IPCC as the \u201cscientific pillar\u201d of the climate change regime<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This meeting was not part of the formal, public hearings and did not include scientists who dissent from the IPCC\u2014states and organizations participating in the advisory proceedings had\u00a0<strong>no opportunity to question or respond to IPCC scientists<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The process was criticized for lacking transparency and procedural fairness precisely because it\u00a0<strong>favored a single scientific perspective<\/strong>\u00a0(the IPCC\u2019s), with no indication that alternative scientific viewpoints were admitted or reviewed<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>UN General Assembly\u2019s request for the advisory opinion itself referenced the \u201cutmost concern [for] the scientific consensus expressed\u201d in the IPCC reports<\/strong>, reinforcing the Court\u2019s mandate to treat the IPCC\u2019s findings as the foundation for its analysis<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2023\/03\/29\/the-icjs-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change-what-happens-now\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available commentaries and summaries of the ICJ process do\u00a0<strong>not mention any engagement with scientists or organizations disputing IPCC conclusions<\/strong>, nor do they report that groups like Clintel were referenced or invited as experts<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2023\/03\/29\/the-icjs-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change-what-happens-now\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>While the ICJ has, in rare past cases, consulted technical experts informally, in this climate case it only announced consultation with IPCC figures, reinforcing the exclusion of dissident scientific voices<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/experts-fantomes-at-the-icj\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">9<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In summary, the ICJ\u2019s approach gave exclusive scientific authority to the IPCC and provided&nbsp;<strong>no forum, reference, or weight to scientists disputing its reports<\/strong>, such as those from Clintel<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2023\/03\/29\/the-icjs-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change-what-happens-now\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a>.&nbsp;The Court did not discuss or acknowledge the existence of such scientific disagreement in its process, instead treating the IPCC\u2019s consensus as fact. This approach has been criticized for its lack of transparency and its failure to incorporate procedural safeguards for alternative scientific views<a href=\"https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/the-icj-meets-with-ipcc-scientists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/experts-fantomes-at-the-icj\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">9<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Followup Question: Why might the World Court have misunderstood the legal status of the Paris Accord?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong>&nbsp;The World Court might have appeared to misunderstand or at least oversimplify the&nbsp;<strong>legal status of the Paris Agreement<\/strong>&nbsp;because the Agreement\u2019s nature is&nbsp;<strong>complex and somewhat ambiguous under international law<\/strong>, blending legally binding procedural obligations with politically framed, flexible commitments that lack sharp enforcement mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key reasons explaining why the Court could be seen as misunderstanding or glossing over these complexities include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Legal Flexibility and Lack of Enforcement:<\/strong>\u00a0The Paris Agreement is a treaty with binding procedural obligations but\u00a0<strong>lacks strong accountability measures<\/strong>, sanctions, or punitive mechanisms for non-compliance<a href=\"https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/customary-international-law-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change-how-to-deal-with-the-stagnation-of-the-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.\u00a0Articles 13 and 15 establish monitoring and compliance mechanisms that are explicitly \u201cnon-intrusive\u201d and \u201cnon-punitive,\u201d reflecting the Agreement\u2019s flexible, voluntary essence rather than strict legal constraints on outcome<a href=\"https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/customary-international-law-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change-how-to-deal-with-the-stagnation-of-the-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.\u00a0Courts may struggle to treat such a hybrid treaty as fully binding in the traditional sense.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ambiguity over Obligation Types:<\/strong>\u00a0The Paris Agreement distinguishes between\u00a0<strong>\u201cobligations of conduct\u201d (procedural duties)<\/strong>\u00a0versus\u00a0<strong>\u201cobligations of result\u201d (achieving emission cuts)<\/strong>. It requires parties to submit NDCs and report on implementation but does not legally bind States to achieve specific emission targets or outcomes<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly\/article\/highest-possible-ambition-on-climate-change-mitigation-as-a-legal-standard\/3AEBF5E43A091E349791B44D5F4FB3E2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/legal-issues-related-paris-agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>.\u00a0This ambiguity can lead to varying interpretations of the Agreement\u2019s binding force.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Differing State Practices and Interpretations:<\/strong>\u00a0There remains\u00a0<strong>disagreement among states and experts<\/strong>\u00a0about whether the Paris Agreement creates firm legal obligations to prevent climate change or is largely aspirational with voluntary commitments<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jonmcgowan\/2025\/01\/10\/in-world-court-countries-disagree-on-legal-obligations-in-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>.\u00a0Some states perceive it as political guidance rather than a hard treaty, influencing how international bodies perceive its weight.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Constraints of International Litigation and Court Jurisdiction:<\/strong>\u00a0International courts like the ICJ have limited jurisdiction and cannot enforce treaty provisions on states unwilling to submit to their authority<a href=\"https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/customary-international-law-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change-how-to-deal-with-the-stagnation-of-the-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.\u00a0This constrains how formally the Court can treat the Agreement\u2019s legal status, especially when major emitters are outside its compulsory jurisdiction<a href=\"https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/customary-international-law-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change-how-to-deal-with-the-stagnation-of-the-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jonmcgowan\/2025\/01\/10\/in-world-court-countries-disagree-on-legal-obligations-in-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>.\u00a0The Court\u2019s advisory role means it clarifies law based on existing commitments but cannot enforce or create new obligations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interaction with Customary International Law:<\/strong>\u00a0Some legal scholarship suggests that customary international law\u2014independent but related to treaty law\u2014may impose broader climate duties on states, which complicates whether the Court grounds its decisions on the Paris Agreement alone or on evolving international legal norms<a href=\"https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/customary-international-law-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change-how-to-deal-with-the-stagnation-of-the-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In sum, the World Court may have been perceived as misunderstanding the Paris Agreement\u2019s legal status because the Agreement is simultaneously a&nbsp;<strong>legally binding treaty in form<\/strong>&nbsp;with&nbsp;<strong>procedural and transparency obligations<\/strong>, yet it remains&nbsp;<strong>politically flexible, non-punitive, and ambiguous regarding enforcement or specific outcome obligations<\/strong>. This hybrid nature poses challenges for courts in characterizing it strictly as a binding treaty imposing strong legal duties, thus potentially giving the appearance of oversimplification or misunderstanding in the Court\u2019s advice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, the Court\u2019s approach likely reflects the difficulty of interpreting a treaty designed to maximize participation through flexibility rather than strong binding commitments, rather than a simple misunderstanding of the Paris Agreement\u2019s status <a href=\"https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/customary-international-law-and-the-challenge-of-climate-change-how-to-deal-with-the-stagnation-of-the-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly\/article\/highest-possible-ambition-on-climate-change-mitigation-as-a-legal-standard\/3AEBF5E43A091E349791B44D5F4FB3E2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/legal-issues-related-paris-agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jonmcgowan\/2025\/01\/10\/in-world-court-countries-disagree-on-legal-obligations-in-paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>My Summary<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the courtroom venue and judges participating in rendering an opinion, this was a political, not a legal process. A court of law seeks truth through an adversarial process whereby parties advocate for two or more viewpoints on the matter at hand, including facts and logic of the arguments.&nbsp; Here there was no hearing and weighing of differing evidence and perspectives, just a preconceived partisan political declaration.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"541\" height=\"394\" data-attachment-id=\"390665\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=390665\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-662.png?fit=541%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"541,394\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-662.png?fit=541%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-662.png?resize=541%2C394&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Political cartoon depicting a coal miner hanging from a tree branch, expressing a plea for a fair trial, while two other figures on horseback engage in a conversation, highlighting themes of injustice and environmental concerns.\" class=\"wp-image-390665\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-662.png?w=541&amp;ssl=1 541w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-662.png?resize=300%2C218&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"265\" data-attachment-id=\"390667\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=390667\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-664.png?fit=473%2C265&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"473,265\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-664.png?fit=473%2C265&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-664.png?resize=473%2C265&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A large boulder blocking a deserted road, with the text 'Convince Voters Not Judges' prominently displayed.\" class=\"wp-image-390667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-664.png?w=473&amp;ssl=1 473w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-664.png?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In sum, the World Court may have been perceived as misunderstanding the Paris Agreement\u2019s legal status because the Agreement is simultaneously a\u00a0legally binding treaty in form\u00a0with\u00a0procedural and transparency obligations, yet it remains\u00a0politically flexible, non-punitive, and ambiguous regarding enforcement or specific outcome obligations. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":390669,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818056,691831896,691836792,691833142,691820492],"class_list":{"0":"post-390659","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-climate-change","9":"tag-international-court-of-justice-icj","10":"tag-international-law","11":"tag-nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs","12":"tag-paris-agreement","14":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQOrBX2deYDbGJGqsJHOdobNKAdLT2K9MTeulL_Yv3n2rK90jXKfPKzKWAliy9oeulTrsQLN_wqtzTEJeeFeD0UxHMTRhzqZqWj38EgwxlVTNnSCxndyrgOMGF1o3l93g_D7ih97YBybcOn5DHvP-ABnsOncXg.jpeg?fit=1280%2C1280&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1DCX","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":431449,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=431449","url_meta":{"origin":390659,"position":0},"title":"UN Urges Member States to Support the ICJ Ruling on Climate Change Obligations","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"15\/03\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Nobody paid attention to the International Court of Justice, so now they\u2019re hoping a UN Resolution will do the trick.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/0-UN-Urges-Member-States-to-Support-the-ICJ-Ruling-on-Climate-Change-Obligations.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/0-UN-Urges-Member-States-to-Support-the-ICJ-Ruling-on-Climate-Change-Obligations.jpg?fit=784%2C1168&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, 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change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQM0SspDECHjjNqF5UQrL7NonKoWyKhxNrtMZnqDVMBQRa3Wf4WcOHCwJ_kmphwXgEBOlA0_j1kZ-gPAOtMwrrg7rEY1Vejvcd9pxjQwol68gLgpm7EdrlLQheYWYLOr8KbtLRBXl9v6WN3VkU-IlAWR6_zmPA-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQM0SspDECHjjNqF5UQrL7NonKoWyKhxNrtMZnqDVMBQRa3Wf4WcOHCwJ_kmphwXgEBOlA0_j1kZ-gPAOtMwrrg7rEY1Vejvcd9pxjQwol68gLgpm7EdrlLQheYWYLOr8KbtLRBXl9v6WN3VkU-IlAWR6_zmPA-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/AQM0SspDECHjjNqF5UQrL7NonKoWyKhxNrtMZnqDVMBQRa3Wf4WcOHCwJ_kmphwXgEBOlA0_j1kZ-gPAOtMwrrg7rEY1Vejvcd9pxjQwol68gLgpm7EdrlLQheYWYLOr8KbtLRBXl9v6WN3VkU-IlAWR6_zmPA-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, 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change.\u00a0Led by nations like Vanuatu, this legal campaign asks the ICJ to define the obligations of states to combat climate change and protect vulnerable countries.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"climate activists\"","block_context":{"text":"climate activists","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-activists"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/00caballo-de-troya-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/00caballo-de-troya-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/00caballo-de-troya-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/00caballo-de-troya-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, 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