{"id":385718,"date":"2025-06-29T13:14:21","date_gmt":"2025-06-29T11:14:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=385718"},"modified":"2025-06-29T13:14:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-29T11:14:23","slug":"agriculture-its-worse-than-we-thought-again","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=385718","title":{"rendered":"Agriculture: It\u2019s Worse Than We Thought,\u00a0Again"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"390\" data-attachment-id=\"353165\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=353165\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?fit=2048%2C1106&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1106\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?fit=723%2C390&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?resize=723%2C390&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-353165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?resize=1024%2C553&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?resize=768%2C415&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?resize=1536%2C830&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?resize=1200%2C648&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/cliscep.com\/2025\/06\/27\/agriculture-its-worse-than-we-thought-again\/\">Climate Scepticism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cliscep.com\/author\/jitthacker\/\">Jit<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>We\u2019re all going to have to give up breakfast, or something.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A week ago, the compliant media was happily swallowing, and regurgitating, yet another \u201cworse than we thought\u201d study, this time on the topic of how future climate change was going to starve humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"416\" data-attachment-id=\"385721\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385721\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-654.png?fit=700%2C416&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,416\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-654.png?fit=700%2C416&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-654.png?resize=700%2C416&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-654.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-654.png?resize=300%2C178&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"692\" height=\"188\" data-attachment-id=\"385723\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385723\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-656.png?fit=692%2C188&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"692,188\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-656.png?fit=692%2C188&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-656.png?resize=692%2C188&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-656.png?w=692&amp;ssl=1 692w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-656.png?resize=300%2C82&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWorse than we thought\u201d is, when you pop your ten-gallon sceptic\u2019s hat on, a synonym for \u201cexactly what we thought.\u201d By which I mean, the news has to be terrible, and worse than the previous news, for it to get traction in today\u2019s world of transient thought bubbles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study, \u201cImpacts of climate change on global agriculture accounting for adaptation,\u201d was published in the once-great magazine Nature, and is authored by Andrew Hultgren and a motley crew of divers others, too many to count at a blink (i.e. more than nine). One of the authors, Soloman Hsiang, was quoted in one story as saying the losses due to climate change were going to be equivalent to us all giving up breakfast, or words to that effect \u2013 though I can\u2019t find that page any more, it is now buried in the others that I visited to read up on how the study was being reported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rutgers.edu\/news\/researchers-find-climate-change-threatens-global-food-supply\">this press release by Rutgers<\/a>, the more than nine researchers spent eight years on the research. Time well spent, I say, especially as the answer was so surprising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What of the study itself? As we know, most of us don\u2019t read the study in \u201cstudy says\u2026\u201d: we simply take the media\u2019s regurgitation of its talking points at face value. Well, I wanted to (skim) read it, because my sceptic\u2019s radar was picking up strong echoes of bullshit. Was 50% loss of yield remotely plausible? Instinct says no. What of the CO2 fertilisation effect? This should counteract some of the \u201cclimate\u201d yield losses. What of the climate model used? RCP8.5, or something remotely plausible?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hultgren et al, et al,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09085-w\">can be found here<\/a>, and some respect is due to the authors for making the study free to read. (I have long been of the opinion that all science should be free to read. Of course, it means that the gatekeepers, Nature et al, would no longer have a business case. How would we differentiate gold-standard science from frass? Perhaps a system of voluntary readers could be set up, and studies could get reviews and star ratings, like in Amazon. Impossible of course, owing to the politicisation of science today.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skim skim skim\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Search for \u201cfertilization\u201d with a z\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several references to fertiliser of the non-gaseous kind, then a mention in Figure 2\u2019s legend. The figure is the first showing results. Its title is:&nbsp;<em>Projected end-of-century change in crop yields resulting from climate change, accounting for adaptation to climate and increasing incomes.<\/em>&nbsp;[I\u2019m only showing the wheat panel here. Looks bad for the U.S., huh? But at least we can grow wheat in Mongolia, and on the north coast of Norway\u2026.]<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"377\" data-attachment-id=\"385724\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385724\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-657.png?fit=648%2C377&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"648,377\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-657.png?fit=648%2C377&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-657.png?resize=648%2C377&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-657.png?w=648&amp;ssl=1 648w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-657.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"95\" data-attachment-id=\"385727\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385727\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-659.png?fit=618%2C95&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"618,95\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-659.png?fit=618%2C95&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-659.png?resize=618%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-659.png?w=618&amp;ssl=1 618w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-659.png?resize=300%2C46&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The relevant parts of the legend read:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Colours indicate central estimate in a high-emissions scenario (RCP\u20098.5), net of adaptation costs and benefits, for maize (a), soybean (b), rice (c), wheat (d), cassava (e) and sorghum (f) for 2089\u20132098.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>See Extended Data Fig. 7 for a moderate-emissions scenario (RCP\u20094.5) and Supplementary Information, section J for results adjusted by CO2 fertilization.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, if we are to get what might be termed, \u201cplausible\u201d results, we cannot even read the paper itself: we have to delve into Supplementary Information, and Extended Data. The authors have presented something here that they must know is wrong, and that any reviewers must have known was wrong, and that Nature\u2019s editors must have known was wrong. Who cares? It got a headline. Or eleventy-six.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supplementary Information runs to nearly 100 pages. Am I alone in thinking that Supplementary Information is out of control these days? Anyway, searching for \u201cfertilization\u201d again finds table S11 on page 66. The column of numbers to take notice of is the one furthest right, showing the model\u2019s prediction of yields under the realistic RCP4.5, with CO2 fertilisation, and with farmers actually doing their job, not growing crops that won\u2019t make them money. The first number next to each crop is the prediction of average yield changes. The numbers in square brackets are the 5% and 95% ends of the distribution. [Note: this means that 90% of the distribution is within the brackets.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"321\" data-attachment-id=\"385728\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385728\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-660.png?fit=1017%2C451&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1017,451\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-660.png?fit=723%2C321&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-660.png?resize=723%2C321&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-660.png?w=1017&amp;ssl=1 1017w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-660.png?resize=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-660.png?resize=768%2C341&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here we see that the predicted yield distributions for five of six crops overlap 0. In other words, they are not significantly different from zero, and that no change in crop yield is a viable interpretation of the results. The exception is wheat, which is negative (but we can\u2019t say for sure it is significantly negative, thanks to the extra margin on the confidence interval).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So: production could drop by 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Or: production could remain the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Next: is the fertilisation effect realistic?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We know that CO2 is plant food, although the alarmists hate the idea with zeal. It\u2019s easier to photosynthesise when there is more CO2, and that is not a controversial statement. It\u2019s also non-controversial that C3 plants like wheat and rice will benefit more from CO2 enrichment than C4 plants like corn. [C4 plants can be thought of as plants that have evolved to eke out a living in a world where the food supply \u2013 CO2 \u2013 has dwindled over aeons until plants are half-starved.] The authors\u2019 treatment of CO2 fertilisation is described on p.69 of the S.I.: does it pass the fairness test? Or did they pick a fertilisation model that downplays the likely effect?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>At end-of-century, the CO2 fertilization effect under RCP8.5 increases yields by 9.8% and 5.2% for C3 and C4 crops. Under RCP 4.5 end-of-century yields increase by 5.8% and 3.5% for C3 and C4 crops.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I\u2019m sorry \u2013 what? RCP8.5 increases yields by a mere 10% for C3?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hultgren et al draw their CO2 fertilisation model from a meta-analysis by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01792-x#Equ1\">Moore et al. 2017.<\/a>&nbsp;[The link takes you to their response function.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moore et al present revised damage functions from climate change \u2013 and you guessed it! They told us what we already knew. Things are \u201cworse than we thought.\u201d Is Moore et al\u2019s CO2 fertilisation model fair? Only a cynic would suspect otherwise, right?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well, it might be fair, I\u2019m not sure about that, but it\u2019s clearly wrong. Here\u2019s how the modelled relationship works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"461\" data-attachment-id=\"385730\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385730\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-661.png?fit=845%2C539&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"845,539\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-661.png?fit=723%2C461&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-661.png?resize=723%2C461&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385730\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-661.png?w=845&amp;ssl=1 845w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-661.png?resize=300%2C191&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-661.png?resize=768%2C490&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The baseline CO2 is 360 ppm, which is not \u201cpre-industrial,\u201d usually given as 280 ppm. The result is that at 360 ppm the change in yield is 0, by definition. The parameters used mean that half of the CO2 fertilisation for C3 plants occurs in the first 100 ppm (from 360 to 460 ppm) and rapidly tails off thereafter. Starting at 360 ppm is mad, because if you trace the curve back to 280 ppm, you end up with a yield of about -70% of the \u201cmodern\u201d baseline of 360 ppm. In other words, if this figure represented reality, everything was dead in the pre-industrial era. Here\u2019s my emulation of their figure for C3 plants, but going back to 280 ppm.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"519\" height=\"404\" data-attachment-id=\"385732\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385732\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-663.png?fit=519%2C404&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"519,404\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-663.png?fit=519%2C404&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-663.png?resize=519%2C404&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-663.png?w=519&amp;ssl=1 519w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-663.png?resize=300%2C234&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now, you might say that the figure is and should only be valid in the range it is modelling. Maybe; but it clearly shows that the beginning of the curve is too steep. Here\u2019s a different view of CO2 fertilisation, what you might call an ecologist\u2019s view, as annotated by Dave Burton of sealevel.info:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"687\" data-attachment-id=\"385734\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385734\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?fit=1129%2C1073&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1129,1073\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?fit=723%2C687&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?resize=723%2C687&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?resize=1024%2C973&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?resize=300%2C285&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?resize=768%2C730&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-664.png?w=1129&amp;ssl=1 1129w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, C3 have plenty of gains in their pockets as the ambient concentration of CO2 goes up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note also that using 360 ppm as a baseline for yields means you have banked quite a bit of CO2 fertilisation and effectively zeroed it out: the benefits of increasing CO2 from 280-360 ppm are null.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here\u2019s what Hultgren et al did:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To apply these estimates of CO2 fertilization to our projections, we estimate this CO2 fertilization effect for each future year using RCP-specific CO2 concentrations from [201], and we&nbsp;<strong>subtract off the CO2 fertilization effect for the year 2015<\/strong>&nbsp;(the end of our baseline period).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So most of the CO2 fertilisation has been banked and zeroed out, and what is left is not enough to balance out the \u201cclimate\u201d impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>At end-of-century, the CO2 fertilization effect under RCP8.5 increases yields by 9.8%<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This figure shows the CO2 concentration in 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario (Figure reproduced from Denierland, data from climatechange2013.org (AR5). [Ignore \u201cjit\u2019s simple model\u201d; one of these days, I\u2019ll check to see how it is doing prediction-wise.]<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"405\" data-attachment-id=\"385736\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385736\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?fit=1201%2C673&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1201,673\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?fit=723%2C405&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?resize=723%2C405&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?resize=1024%2C574&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?resize=768%2C430&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-665.png?w=1201&amp;ssl=1 1201w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2100 concentration under RCP8.5 is 936 ppm, up from the baseline year (2015 for Hultgren et al) of 400 ppm. And the effect of CO2 fertilisation, they say, for that change (more than a doubling) is only +10%? I think this is low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w29320\/w29320.pdf\">This NBER paper<\/a>&nbsp;(\u201cnot peer reviewed\u201d) by Taylor &amp; Schlenker (2023) found that we are still firmly in the linear response phase (cf. the figure annotated by Dave Burton above):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>We consistently find a large CO\u2082fertilization effect: a 1 ppm increase in CO\u2082 equates to a 0.4%, 0.6%, 1% yield increase for corn, soybeans, and wheat, respectively.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now, Taylor &amp; Schlenker\u2019s numbers may be optimistic. I wouldn\u2019t be surprised (their response curve is more of a cloud \u2013 it\u2019s one of those where if you have enough data, a cloud can have a significant slope). But this range in interpretations is somewhat concerning. After 40+ years of climate research, we still don\u2019t know what effect CO2 will have on crop yields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As to the story about agricultural apocalypse, it\u2019s another case of paper published, hysterical headlines published, good job well done, move on to the next \u201cworse than we thought\u201d headline-hunting journal article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, what are Hultgren et al, et al\u2019s results for the more realistic RCP4.5, with their (in my eyes) questionable CO2 fertilisation bonuses?<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"340\" data-attachment-id=\"385738\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=385738\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-667.png?fit=533%2C340&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"533,340\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-667.png?fit=533%2C340&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-667.png?resize=533%2C340&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-385738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-667.png?w=533&amp;ssl=1 533w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-667.png?resize=300%2C191&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[Same key as above.] Thankfully, under the realistic scenario we can grow wheat on the Himalayas, Svalbard, and Kaffeklubben Island off the north coast of Greenland. [Snipped from Supplementary Figure S.14, p.71 of the S.I.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/message ends<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A week ago, the compliant media was happily swallowing, and regurgitating, yet another \u201cworse than we thought\u201d study, this time on the topic of how future climate change was going to starve humanity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":353165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691829997,691818056,691835843,691821868],"class_list":["post-385718","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-carbon-dioxide-co","tag-climate-change","tag-co2-fertilisation-2","tag-plant-food","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1Clg","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":420960,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=420960","url_meta":{"origin":385718,"position":0},"title":"Climate Fact-Check December 2025","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/11\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"This summary serves as a fact check on the top false claims made\u00a0about climate change by the media in December 2025.\u00a0","rel":"","context":"In \"1.5-degree climate target\"","block_context":{"text":"1.5-degree climate target","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1-5-degree-climate-target"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-174.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-174.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-174.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-174.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":256531,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=256531","url_meta":{"origin":385718,"position":1},"title":"Claim:\u00a0 Turbulence is Getting Worse due to Climate Change","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/08\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"From the camp of \u201clet\u2019s scare airline travelers without checking the data first\u201d are a number of news reports that hit the press about a month ago claiming that climate change is making aircraft turbulence worse.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0429492-Kycb.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0429492-Kycb.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0429492-Kycb.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0429492-Kycb.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0429492-Kycb.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":239432,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=239432","url_meta":{"origin":385718,"position":2},"title":"Wrong, Washington Post, \u2018Less Warming,\u2019 Won\u2019t Result in Greater Climate Disasters","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/13\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"A new climate reality: Less warming, but worse impacts on the planet","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-574.png?fit=874%2C806&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-574.png?fit=874%2C806&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-574.png?fit=874%2C806&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-574.png?fit=874%2C806&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":299641,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=299641","url_meta":{"origin":385718,"position":3},"title":"Media Outlets Continue Spreading False Amazon \u201cRecord Drought\u201d Claims","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/03\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Each of these news outlets ignored or at a minimum displayed ignorance of the fact that an even worse drought occurred in 1865, well before climate change was even an issue.","rel":"","context":"In \"Amazon\"","block_context":{"text":"Amazon","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=amazon"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0amazon-media-drought-climate.jpg?fit=1200%2C1050&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0amazon-media-drought-climate.jpg?fit=1200%2C1050&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0amazon-media-drought-climate.jpg?fit=1200%2C1050&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0amazon-media-drought-climate.jpg?fit=1200%2C1050&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0amazon-media-drought-climate.jpg?fit=1200%2C1050&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":452376,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=452376","url_meta":{"origin":385718,"position":4},"title":"Wrong, Bloomberg, Climate Change Has Boosted Food Production and Lowered Prices, Not the Opposite","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/26\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Bloomberg\u2019s news agency recently published a story claiming that climate change has caused rising food prices, a problem that will only get worse in the future. This is false. Data clearly show that world food production has dramatically increased as carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have increased and the Earth has\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Bloomberg\"","block_context":{"text":"Bloomberg","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=bloomberg"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-ChatGPT-Wrong-Bloomberg-Climate-Change-Has-Boosted-Food-Production-and-Lowered-Prices-Not-the-Opposite.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-ChatGPT-Wrong-Bloomberg-Climate-Change-Has-Boosted-Food-Production-and-Lowered-Prices-Not-the-Opposite.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-ChatGPT-Wrong-Bloomberg-Climate-Change-Has-Boosted-Food-Production-and-Lowered-Prices-Not-the-Opposite.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-ChatGPT-Wrong-Bloomberg-Climate-Change-Has-Boosted-Food-Production-and-Lowered-Prices-Not-the-Opposite.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/0-ChatGPT-Wrong-Bloomberg-Climate-Change-Has-Boosted-Food-Production-and-Lowered-Prices-Not-the-Opposite.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":290203,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=290203","url_meta":{"origin":385718,"position":5},"title":"What Have the Romans Ever Done For\u00a0Us?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/06\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Another day, another potentially dubious climate change story in the Guardian. According to the headline, \u201cThe Roman forts near Hadrian\u2019s Wall are full of historical riches \u2013 and the climate crisis is destroying them\u201d. The sub-heading is almost as sombre: \u201cIt isn\u2019t just our planet\u2019s future that\u2019s at risk: soon\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"anaerobic soil\"","block_context":{"text":"anaerobic soil","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=anaerobic-soil"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/03a3dbb4a7180c54abc5becab41d03b96.jpg?fit=1024%2C916&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/03a3dbb4a7180c54abc5becab41d03b96.jpg?fit=1024%2C916&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/03a3dbb4a7180c54abc5becab41d03b96.jpg?fit=1024%2C916&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/03a3dbb4a7180c54abc5becab41d03b96.jpg?fit=1024%2C916&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0globalgreening_tamo_2017_lrg.png?fit=2048%2C1106&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385718","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=385718"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385718\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":385742,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385718\/revisions\/385742"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/353165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=385718"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=385718"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=385718"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}