{"id":384983,"date":"2025-06-25T17:39:50","date_gmt":"2025-06-25T15:39:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=384983"},"modified":"2025-06-25T17:39:51","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T15:39:51","slug":"phony-alarmism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=384983","title":{"rendered":"pHony Alarmism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guest Post by<\/strong><\/em> Willis Eschenbach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a while now scientists have been raising the alarm about the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the pH of the ocean. pH is a measure of whether something is acidic (pH below 7), alkaline, also called basic (pH above 7) or neutral (pH of 7). The ocean is slightly alkaline, and rainwater is slightly acidic. Here are some examples.<\/p>\n\n\n

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What\u2019s happening is that the ocean is moving slightly toward neutral. However, \u201cocean neutralization\u201d doesn\u2019t sound alarming enough, so they\u2019re falsely labeling it \u201cocean acidification\u201d. Here are some quotes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cGenerally, shelled animals\u2014including mussels, clams, urchins and starfish\u2014are going to have trouble building their shells in more acidic water, just like the corals. Mussels and oysters are expected to grow less shell by 25 percent and 10 percent respectively by the end of the century\u2026 oyster larvae fail to even begin growing their shells.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ocean Acidification<\/a>, Smithsonian Museum<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201c<\/em>After exposing them to a range of acidity levels, UC Davis scientists found that under high CO\u2082, or more acidic, conditions, the foraminifera had trouble building their shells and making spines, an important feature of their shells. They also showed signs of physiological stress, reducing their metabolism and slowing their respiration to undetectable levels.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Tiny Shells Indicate Big Changes to Global Carbon Cycle<\/a>, UC Davis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cLike a piece of chalk dissolving in vinegar, marine life with hard shells is in danger of being dissolved by increasing acidity in the oceans. Ocean acidity is rising as sea water absorbs more carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from power plants and automobiles. The higher acidity threatens marine life, including corals and shellfish, which may become extinct later this century from the chemical effects of carbon dioxide, even if the planet warms less than expected.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Regardless of global warming, rising CO2 levels threaten marine life<\/a>, University of Illinois<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

YIKES! EVERYONE PANIC!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I got to thinking about this, and I thought \u2026 wait a minute. There have been hard-shelled animals in the ocean since the end of the Cambrian Explosion about 485 million years ago. Say what?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, there\u2019s a new study<\/a> out in Science Magazine (paywalled, of course) that contains estimates of both atmospheric CO2 and oceanic pH since 485 million years ago. 485 million years ago is roughly the end of what\u2019s called the \u201cCambrian Explosion Of Life\u201d, a time when a huge number of life forms emerged on the earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here\u2019s their estimate of CO2 levels since the Cambrian Explosion.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Figure 1. Title says it all. I\u2019ve added the modern increase at the recent end of the graph.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

You might ask, \u201cIf the study is paywalled, how did you get the data\u201d. Well, their Supplementary Online Information isn\u2019t paywalled, and it contains this graphic.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Figure 2. Panel B, Figure S10, op. cit.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Note that the CO2 levels are shown on a log scale to visually minimize the size of the actual changes \u2026 but I digress. Sadly, they didn\u2019t include a table of the data. So I had to digitize it. Takes a while, but I\u2019m a patient man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 3. Digitization of the graph shown in Figure 2.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Looking back at Figure 1, the most remarkable features are the large and rapid drop in CO2 levels starting around 470 million years before the present (Ma BP), and the somewhat slower but almost as large rise starting around 430 Ma BP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 470 Ma BP drop is generally attributed to enhanced silicate weathering of the mountains by early land plants, and reduced volcanic CO\u2082 input. And the increase is generally attributed to reduced mountain weathering due to glaciation, along with an increase in volcanic CO\u2082 emission. Are those actually the causes? Unknown. The Late Ordovician glaciation only covered about 13%-14% of the land area, compared to about 25% of the land area during the most recent glaciation. So that part of the explanation seems unlikely, but what do I know?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In any case, the study also has a graph of the pH of the ocean over the same period of time. How accurate is it? Also, unknown. Presumably, however, it\u2019s currently our best estimate of the variations of oceanic pH over 485 million years. Again, I digitized the data. Here\u2019s that graph.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Figure 4. Again, title says it all.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Now, there are several noteworthy points in this graph. First, at no time in the past 485 million years has the ocean been acidic. It has always been alkaline (basic), with a pH always greater than 7 (neutral pH).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, over that entire time, there has been a huge variety and profusion of shelled animals living in the ocean, apparently unbothered by the variations in alkalinity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, in the upper right of Figure 4 is a tiny vertical line with horizontal \u201cwhiskers\u201d at the top and bottom. It shows the modern change in pH since 1850, the change that has all the megabrains calling the Climate 911 hotline to report an emergency \u2026 color me unimpressed. We\u2019ve run the oceanic pH experiment over the last half billion years. Shelled creatures didn\u2019t disappear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TL;DR version? Life has flourished, both above and below the surface of the sea, through periods when atmospheric CO2 has varied up to almost ten times the current level. As a result, the myriad of alarmist claims that increasing CO2 is some kind of death sentence for life either on the land or in the ocean all run aground on a reef of hard facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Don\u2019t believe me about pH and creatures with shells? Ask the chambered nautilus, a lovely cephalopod with a hard shell. I once saw a school of them while scuba diving, and I have the shell of one that I picked up years ago on a beach on one of the outer islands in Fiji.<\/p>\n\n\n

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It\u2019s one of the most ancient creatures in the sea, and it has existed in a virtually unchanged form for half a billion years \u2026 funny how the changes in oceanic pH didn\u2019t disturb it one bit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Best to all on a sunny afternoon,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeah, you\u2019ve heard it before<\/strong> \u2026 when you comment, please quote the exact words you are discussing. I can defend my words; I choose them carefully. I cannot defend your understanding of my words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My Other Analyses Of the Ocean Neutralization Question:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

pH Sampling Density<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2014-12-30<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A recent post by Anthony Watts highlighted a curious fact. This is that records of some two and a half million oceanic pH samples existed, but weren\u2019t used in testimony before Congress about ocean pH. The post was accompanied by a graph which purported to show a historical variation in ocean\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Reef Abides<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2011-10-25<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I love the coral reefs of the planet. In my childhood on a dusty cattle ranch in the Western US, I decorated my mental imaginarium of the world with images of unbelievably colored reefs below white sand beaches, with impossibly shaped fish and strange, brilliant plants. But when I finally\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Electric Oceanic Acid Test<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2010-06-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019m a long-time ocean devotee. I\u2019ve spent a good chunk of my life on and under the ocean as a commercial and sport fisherman, a surfer, a blue-water sailor, and a commercial and sport diver. So I\u2019m concerned that the new poster-boy of alarmism these days is sea-water \u201cacidification\u201d from\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Neutral View of Oceanic pH<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2015-01-02<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following up on my previous investigations into the oceanic pH dataset, I\u2019ve taken a deeper look at what the 2.5 million pH data points from the oceanographic data can tell us. Let me start with an overview of oceanic pH (the measure of alkalinity\/acidity, with neutral being a pH of\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Reef Abides \u2026 Or Not<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2014-07-06<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019ve written a few times on the question of one of my favorite hangouts on the planet, underwater tropical coral reefs. Don\u2019t know if you\u2019ve ever been down to one, but they are a fairyland of delights, full of hosts of strange and mysterious creatures. I\u2019ve seen them far from\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ocean Is Not Getting Acidified<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2011-12-27<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s an interesting study out on the natural pH changes in the ocean. I discussed some of these pH changes a year ago in my post \u201cThe Electric Oceanic Acid Test\u201c. Before getting to the new study, let me say a couple of things about pH. The pH scale measures\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carbon And Carbonate<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2016-01-30<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019ve spent a good chunk of my life around, on, and under the ocean. I worked seasonally for many years as a commercial fisherman off of the western coast of the US. I\u2019ve frozen off my begonias setting nets in driving sleet up in the Bering Sea. I\u2019m also a \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Solution To Dissolution<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2020-01-31<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The British tabloid \u201cThe Guardian\u201d has a new scare story about what is wrongly called \u201cocean acidification\u201d. It opens as follows: Sounds like the end of times, right? So let me start with a simple fact. The ocean is NOT acidic. Nor will it ever become acidic, except in a few isolated locations. It i\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dungeness Crabs Redux<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2020-02-02<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well, after my last post, The Solution To Dissolution, I thought I was done with the Dungeness crab question. And I was happy to be done with those chilly crustaceans. Writing that post brought back memories of how cold the fishery is. I remember leaving out from Eureka harbor at the north end of Ca\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Voice Of The Lobster<\/u><\/strong><\/a> 2020-02-14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in the Tweetiverse, someone was all boo-hoo about the eeevil effects of \u201cclimate change\u201d that he claimed had \u201calready occurred\u201d. He referenced a publication from a once-noble organization that sadly has drunk the \u201cCLIMATE EMERGENCY\u201d koolaid, National Geographic. So I read it, and the only thing\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For a while now scientists have been raising the alarm about the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the pH of the ocean. pH is a measure of whether something is acidic (pH below 7), alkaline, also called basic (pH above 7) or neutral (pH of 7). The ocean is slightly alkaline, and rainwater is slightly acidic. Here are some examples.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":385000,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691836074,691829997,691836072,691818087,691824914,691836073,691836075],"class_list":{"0":"post-384983","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-cambrian-explosion-of-life","9":"tag-carbon-dioxide-co","10":"tag-global-carbon-cycle","11":"tag-global-warming","12":"tag-ocean-acidification","13":"tag-ocean-neutralization","14":"tag-ph-sampling","16":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/0Screenshot-2025-06-25-173850.png?fit=1432%2C934&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1C9p","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":386614,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=386614","url_meta":{"origin":384983,"position":0},"title":"Stop Lying, The Guardian, the World\u2019s Oceans Aren\u2019t Becoming Dangerously Acidic","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"03\/07\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The U.K.\u2019s The Guardian ran an article claiming that the world\u2019s oceans have surpassed a critical tipping point in acidity threatening sea life. This is false. The pH content of the world\u2019s oceans varies by time and place throughout the day, rising and falling modestly, but the average pH content\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0coral-reef-pixabay-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C820&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0coral-reef-pixabay-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C820&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0coral-reef-pixabay-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C820&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0coral-reef-pixabay-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C820&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0coral-reef-pixabay-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C820&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":342532,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=342532","url_meta":{"origin":384983,"position":1},"title":"Acidification Alarmists Forced to Fake\u00a0Findings","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/09\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The story of fake research findings was published at the journal Science entitled\u00a0Star marine ecologist committed misconduct, university says.","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO2)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO2)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0pmel-oa-imageee.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0pmel-oa-imageee.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0pmel-oa-imageee.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0pmel-oa-imageee.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0pmel-oa-imageee.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":385704,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=385704","url_meta":{"origin":384983,"position":2},"title":"A 485-million-year history of bad science","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"29\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"A few days ago I published another analysis of mine, called\u00a0pHony Alarmism. Take a moment to read that if you haven\u2019t, because this is a sequel. Both are about a new study in Science Magazine yclept\u00a0\u201cA 485-million-year history of Earth\u2019s surface temperature\u201d, paywalled, of course.","rel":"","context":"In \"Atmospheric CO2\"","block_context":{"text":"Atmospheric CO2","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=atmospheric-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-4.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-4.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-4.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ChatGPT-Image-24.-Mai-2025-20_11_24-4.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":304243,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=304243","url_meta":{"origin":384983,"position":3},"title":"Why Climate Scientists were Totally Duped into Believing Rising CO2 will Harm Coral and Mollusks.","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"25\/02\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"When CO2 enters the oceans, over 90% of it converts to bicarbonate ions whether the oceans\u2019 pH is acidic at pH 6 or basic at pH 9. In contrast, carbonate ions virtually do not exist when ocean pH approaches pH 6.","rel":"","context":"In \"calcium carbonate\"","block_context":{"text":"calcium carbonate","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=calcium-carbonate"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0arrecifes-de-coral1.jpg?fit=1200%2C760&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0arrecifes-de-coral1.jpg?fit=1200%2C760&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0arrecifes-de-coral1.jpg?fit=1200%2C760&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0arrecifes-de-coral1.jpg?fit=1200%2C760&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0arrecifes-de-coral1.jpg?fit=1200%2C760&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":303940,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=303940","url_meta":{"origin":384983,"position":4},"title":"InQueensland Presents Good News on Corals, Then Mucks It up With a False Climate Scare","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"23\/02\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"An Australian news site, InQueensland, reports that a new study has found that there are 25 percent more coral reefs on Earth than previously thought. This is good news showing that corals are resilient in the face of climate change, which data indicates is not harming them.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/035087312742_589fbf3e48_k-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C835&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/035087312742_589fbf3e48_k-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C835&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/035087312742_589fbf3e48_k-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C835&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/035087312742_589fbf3e48_k-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C835&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/035087312742_589fbf3e48_k-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C835&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":336097,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=336097","url_meta":{"origin":384983,"position":5},"title":"The WHOI Lye Dumping Experiment: A Reckless Attempt at Climate Mitigation","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/07\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The recent announcement by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) to conduct an experiment involving the dumping of lye into the ocean is a striking example of the overzealous and poorly thought-out measures being taken under the guise of combating climate change. This initiative, detailed in a July 7th Nantucket\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO2)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO2)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement-2048x1124-1.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement-2048x1124-1.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement-2048x1124-1.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement-2048x1124-1.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement-2048x1124-1.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384983","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=384983"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384983\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":385002,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384983\/revisions\/385002"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/385000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=384983"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=384983"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=384983"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}