{"id":375114,"date":"2025-04-15T10:53:15","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T08:53:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=375114"},"modified":"2025-04-15T10:53:17","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T08:53:17","slug":"relevant-chemistry-about-ocean-atmosphere-co%e2%82%82-equilibria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=375114","title":{"rendered":"Relevant Chemistry. About Ocean-Atmosphere CO\u2082 Equilibria"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Jennifer Marohasy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By\u00a0jennifer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Before climate science became \u2018settled science\u2019, there were various theories suggesting that because the amount of carbon dissolved in the Earth\u2019s oceans exceeds that in the atmosphere by about a factor of 60, the atmospheric CO\u2082 content is dictated by the chemical state of the oceans. (I\u2019m thinking of the work of W.S.Broecker and others.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019m working towards a New Theory of Climate Resilience, self funded at the moment. I\u2019ve been reading Broecker\u2019s \u2018The Glacial World According to Wally\u2019 which provides some details that fits neatly with Alex Pope\u2019s own theory of glaciation that is often buzzing in the back of my mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know that some consider me to be proceeding at a glacial pace with all of this. (Thanks for your patience, Alex Pope.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One plank of my new theory, that I have been exploring with Ivan Kennedy, is the Thermal Acid Calcification Hypothesis to explain the seasonal patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration as measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. In proposing this, I have come to realise that many colleagues and friends have very little understand of the five key laws of chemistry that will affect the equilibrium potentially reached between a gas and liquid, think atmosphere and oceans. (Thanks to John Abbot for explaining them to me over the years.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Others are perplexed that I care at all about atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. For sure carbon dioxide may not<\/em> be a driver of climate change, but its varying atmospheric concentrations tend to follow temperate change that is relevant to understanding climate resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I have a zoom webinar coming up with Bud Bromley and while Bud could spend the entire hour explaining ocean chemistry, he doesn\u2019t want to. He wants to talk about more fun things, and I have promised that this webinar will be fun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, I am attempting to provide some background information in this blog post, useful background information perhaps to understanding ocean chemistry that will be relevant to my conversation with Bud that may focus more on volcanic eruptions, uncertain carbon budgets, and even misunderstandings about how atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide are measured at Mauna Lao, Hawaii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thanks to Grok, created by xAI, for the clear explanations of each of five important laws and one principle, which I\u2019m excited to share below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These laws, and the one principle, help unpack how CO\u2082 might move from the ocean to the air (and even back again), if there has been ocean warming from whatever cause since at least the 1950s. Grok has included the formulas as simply as possible for clarity. (Thanks Grok.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Graham\u2019s Law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Graham\u2019s Law tells us how fast gases spread out or diffuse. It says that lighter gases move faster than heavier ones. The formula compares the diffusion rates of two gases based on their molar masses (M1 and M2):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rate1 \/ Rate2 = sqrt(M2 \/ M1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For CO\u2082 (molar mass 44 g\/mol), this means it diffuses a bit slower than lighter gases like oxygen (32 g\/mol). In my hypothesis, this law hints at how CO\u2082 moves from ocean water into the air, especially in choppy surface waters where gases mix. It\u2019s a small piece of the puzzle, but it sets the stage for gas movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ideal Gas Law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ideal Gas Law describes how gases behave under different conditions of pressure, volume, and temperature. It\u2019s written as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PV = nRT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here, P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of gas molecules (in moles), R is a constant (0.0821 L\u00b7atm\/mol\u00b7K), and T is temperature (in Kelvin). For CO\u2082 in the atmosphere, this law helps us understand how its pressure changes as more CO\u2082 degasses from the ocean. If ocean warming (say, from circulation changes) pushes CO\u2082 into the air, this law tracks how that affects the atmosphere\u2019s CO\u2082 levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Henry\u2019s Law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Henry\u2019s Law is key to understanding how much gas dissolves in a liquid, like CO\u2082 in seawater. It says the amount of gas dissolved is proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C = k * P<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C is the concentration of dissolved gas, P is the gas\u2019s pressure in the air, and k is a constant that depends on the gas and temperature. If the ocean warms due to circulation shifts, k gets smaller, meaning less CO\u2082 stays dissolved, and more escapes to the atmosphere. This is central to my idea that ocean changes could drive CO\u2082 increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Fick\u2019s Law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fick\u2019s Law explains how substances, like CO\u2082, move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. The formula is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J = -D * (\u0394C \/ \u0394x)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J is the flow of the substance, D is a diffusion constant, \u0394C is the concentration difference, and \u0394x is the distance. In the ocean, if deep, CO\u2082-rich water rises to the surface (maybe from altered circulation), Fick\u2019s Law says CO\u2082 will flow into the air where its concentration is lower. This could amplify degassing, especially in turbulent waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Law of Mass Action<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Law of Mass Action deals with chemical reactions that can go forward or backward, like CO\u2082 reacting with water to form carbonic acid and other compounds in the ocean. For a reaction like aA + bB cC + dD, it\u2019s expressed as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K = ([C]^c * [D]^d) \/ ([A]^a * [B]^b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K is the equilibrium constant, and [X] means the concentration of each chemical. In seawater, CO\u2082 shifts between gas, acid, and ions (like bicarbonate). If more CO\u2082 enters surface water, this law shows how the balance tips, possibly pushing CO\u2082 back into the air. It\u2019s a big part of the ocean\u2019s CO\u2082 chemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Le Chatelier\u2019s Principle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Chatelier\u2019s Principle says that if you disturb a balanced system, it adjusts to reduce that disturbance. No formula here, just a rule of thumb. For CO\u2082 in the ocean, if warming or extra CO\u2082 from deep water upsets the balance, the system tries to push CO\u2082 out to the atmosphere to stabilize. This principle ties all the others together, suggesting that ocean changes could naturally lead to more atmospheric CO\u2082.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Grok after my prompting, this matters because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

These laws weave together to explain how CO\u2082 might leave the ocean if circulation patterns, like the thermohaline system, have changed since the 1950s. Warmer water holds less CO\u2082 (Henry\u2019s Law), concentration differences drive it to the air (Fick\u2019s Law), chemical balances shift (Mass Action), and the system adjusts (Le Chatelier\u2019s). The Ideal Gas Law tracks the atmospheric side, while Graham\u2019s Law adds detail to gas movement.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The Zoom webinar, my interview with Bud Bromley, is in less than two weeks. Specifically we will be live at 6pm Hawaii time on Thursday, 24th April (2pm Brisbane-time the next day, Friday April 25th). This will be the fourth zoom meeting in my series Towards a New Theory of Climate Change. If you would like to be a part of this Webinar please register at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/us02web.zoom.us\/webinar\/register\/WN_QrVa8XEzSPS_GvUWnXkX0Q<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

You will then be sent a confirmation email with a link that you will need to join the webinar, so please file the confirmation email carefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bud lives in Hawaii and is a chemist by training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plan is that after the one hour interview, there will be another whole hour for questions, and comment. So, the plan is that Bud and I will be live for two hours with everyone who has registered unmuted for the second hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

********
The feature image is a photograph I took just this morning, at Lammermoor Beach, Yeppoon. There is so much bubble and foam at the beach at the moment with relatively acidic freshwater inflows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Before climate science became \u2018settled science\u2019, there were various theories suggesting that because the amount of carbon dissolved in the Earth\u2019s oceans exceeds that in the atmosphere by about a factor of 60, the atmospheric CO\u2082 content is dictated by the chemical state of the oceans. (I\u2019m thinking of the work of W.S.Broecker and others.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":375118,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691834284,691834512,691829997,691818056,691834513,691834511],"class_list":{"0":"post-375114","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-atmospheric-co","9":"tag-bud-bromley","10":"tag-carbon-dioxide-co","11":"tag-climate-change","12":"tag-ocean-chemistry","13":"tag-thermal-acid-calcification-hypothesis","15":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0ocean.jpg?fit=1920%2C1280&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1zAe","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":419425,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=419425","url_meta":{"origin":375114,"position":0},"title":"Slam 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