{"id":366302,"date":"2025-02-16T08:42:40","date_gmt":"2025-02-16T07:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=366302"},"modified":"2025-02-16T08:42:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-16T07:42:42","slug":"modern-scientific-controversies-the-war-on-food-part-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=366302","title":{"rendered":"Modern Scientific Controversies: The War on Food: Part 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guest Essay by Kip Hansen<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prologue:<\/strong><\/em>  This will be the last entry to a series of five parts which have discussed the ongoing scientific controversy surround the issue of Ultra-Processed Foods \u2013 UPFs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The previous essays were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Junk Nutrition Science Looks Like<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern Scientific Controversies: The War on Food: Part 1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern Scientific Controversies: The War on Food: Part 2, What are UPFs?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern Scientific Controversies: The War on Food: Part 3 \u2014 UPFs: What Are They Measuring?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The typical news media article on Ultra-Processed Foods usually starts with something like this, used in a New York Times piece, titled \u201cHow Bad Are Ultraprocessed Foods, Really? <\/a>\u201c by Alice Callahan<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAre ultraprocessed foods harmful?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMost research linking UPFs to poor health is based on observational studies, in which researchers ask people about their diets and then track their health over many years. In a large review of studies that was published in 2024, scientists reported that consuming UPFs was associated with 32 health problems, with the most convincing evidence for heart disease-related deaths, Type 2 diabetes and common mental health issues like anxiety and depression.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

And it is true, consumption of UPFs have been \u201cassociated\u201d with a lot of health problems \u2013 through the kind offices of epidemiology.  Remember:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

World-class statistician,\u00a0William \u201cMatt\u201d Briggs<\/a>, author of the book \u201cUncertainty: The Soul of Modeling, Probability & Statistics<\/em><\/a>\u201d, tells us,\u00a0in no uncertain terms<\/em><\/a>, that:<\/em>\u00a0\u201cEpidemiology is the field which officially mistakes correlations for causations.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

And that is the most basic statement we can make about the faddish battle against Ultraprocessed Foods<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s first make a basic assumption:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The basics of a \u201cGood Diet\u201d are a) Adequate, meaning enough, protein, carbohydrates, fats and essential vitamins and minerals.\u00a0 b) Not too much of any one thing, especially too much sugar (of all types), too many fats (of all types), too many proteins (of all types), and for\u00a0some<\/em>\u00a0people, too much salt.\u00a0 c)\u00a0 Defining \u2018too much\u2019 and \u2018adequate, enough\u2019 is tricky, but you get the idea.\u00a0 \u00a0d) \u00a0\u00a0Lots of variety including whole grains, fruits and vegetables of all types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feel free to have some objections to that assumption, nearly everyone can find something not to like, but what we know of the science of diet supports that very basic assumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does this have to do with Ultraprocessed Foods?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almost nothing.  Ultraprocessed Foods<\/em> (UPFs hereafter) are a category of foods based solely on \u201cthe extent and purpose of food processing\u201d.   Biologically, nutrition<\/a> is the purpose of eating. Yet, nutritional values<\/a><\/em> are not part of the defining characteristics of UPFs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Remember, UPFs does not mean \u201cjunk food\u201d.\u00a0 UPFs does not mean sugary sodas, hamburgers, French fries, candy and snacks.\u00a0 Those are a concern in modern societies, but, while they are often included in UPFs, they are not the core of UPFs.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the core of UPFs?  <\/strong>\u201cAlmost everything on the shelves, in the aisles, of your grocery store<\/em> <\/strong>and in the cupboards and refrigerators of your home.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another viewpoint:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a NY Times piece (\u201cHow Bad Are Ultraprocessed Foods, Really?<\/a>\u201c), the journalist, Alice Callahan<\/a>, quotes Dr. Lauren O\u2019Connor [a nutrition scientist and epidemiologist who researched this topic as a former USDA and NIH employee] as saying:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s true that there is a correlation between these foods and chronic diseases, she said, but that doesn\u2019t mean that UPFs directly cause poor health.\u201d\u2026.\u201dDr. O\u2019Connor questioned whether it\u2019s helpful to group such \u201cstarkly different\u201d foods \u2014 like Twinkies and breakfast cereals \u2014 into one category. Certain types of ultraprocessed foods, like sodas and processed meats, are more clearly harmful than others.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That quote seemed just a little too \u201con purpose\u201d to me, so I wrote to Dr. O\u2019Connor and asked her \u201cDid you really say \u201care clearly more harmful\u201d?  (which implies that UPFs themselves are harmful, some more than others.)  or is that the opinion of the journalist?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. O\u2019Connor was kind enough to supply an expanded and more nuanced clarification, re-written as below, after acknowledging that \u201cto Alice\u2019s [Alice Callahan] credit, we spoke for almost an hour so I may have gotten sloppy with my language\u201d: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s true that there is a correlation between these foods and chronic diseases, she said, but that doesn\u2019t mean that foods classified as ultra-processed directly cause poor health. Correlation does not equal causation. We need more randomized controlled trials in which cause-and-effect can be determined. Currently, there are only a couple small RCTs<\/a> published but several more are in the works.\u201d (you can find them registered at clinicaltrials.gov<\/a> or on NIH\u2019s reporter website<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. O\u2019Connor questions the utility of grouping such \u201cstarkly different\u201d foods into one category. The quintessential image of ultra-processed foods (google it!) is an image of hot dogs, candy, and sugar-sweetened beverages. However, this image is misleading because the group of ultra-processed foods in the US is highly variable and also includes many fortified whole-grain products and plant-based proteins (as well as infant formula). This is problematic for developing dietary guidance on ultra-processed foods and communicating to the public because processed meats and sugar-sweetened beverages, for example, are foods that we recommend consuming in small to moderate amounts. However, there is consistent encouragement to the public to increase whole grains and plant-based proteins to improve their health.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those who have read the entire series will know that the ONLY solid evidence for any detrimental effect of so-called UPFs are restricted to the results for two sub-classes of UPFs, as shown yet again in Cordova et al. (2023) \u201cConsumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of<\/a><\/em> multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study<\/a>\u201d:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Even those effects are small and may not amount to minimal clinically important differences (MCID)<\/a><\/em> for most people<\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bottom Lines:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.  There is no evidence that the category \u201cUltraprocessed Foods\u201d is a valid concern for any consideration regarding human diets.  It is far too broad and encompassing \u2018nearly everything\u2019 without regard for nutritional value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.   Avoidance of UPFs can lead to nutritional deficiencies particularly for those with fewer resources and limited access to a wide variety of affordable foods  \u2013  not only for poor and marginalized populations, but even for middle class families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.  This does not negate the evidence that suggests that extreme amounts of sugars in an individual\u2019s diet can harm health, particularly if it leads, or has led, to obesity or is in combination with either type of diabetes<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.  The evidence for harmful effects of animal based foods (meats) is controversial<\/a> [and here<\/a>]  and should be considered separately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

# # # # #<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author\u2019s Comment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The whole UPFs issue is, in summary, just another run-away food fad, albeit blended in an odd way with anti-corporatism, anti-globalization, aspects of the \u2018health food movement\u2019 and Luddite-ism.  It is worrying that governmental agencies have hopped on the anti-UPFs band-wagon.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no need to avoid UPFs \u2013 other than your personal preferences about foods and your personal degree of concern about such issues as \u201cfood additives\u201d (which is a different but related issue).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a second opinion, try: Ultraprocessed Foods Have a Terrible Reputation. They Don\u2019t Deserve It<\/a>, by Jessica Wilson<\/a> at Slate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obsessing about foods and diet is an amusement for those lucky segments of humanity that have a real choice about what to include in their diets.  This has led to a dietary supplement industry earning over 53 Billion dollars in the United States alone.  While the best evidence shows that there is little to no benefit gained from supplementary vitamins, minerals or other diet supplements<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My Opinion:  Eat a wide variety of foods, not too much, across all the food groups, including plenty and varied vegetables and fruits (fresh if possible), legumes, and grains.    Get some exercise, 20-30 minutes a day most days, anything that includes moving around counts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And for your own sake, quit obsessing about food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thanks for reading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comments meant for me personally should begin with \u201cKip \u2013 \u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

# # # # #<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Remember, UPFs does not mean \u201cjunk food\u201d.\u00a0 UPFs does not mean sugary sodas, hamburgers, French fries, candy and snacks.\u00a0 Those are a concern in modern societies, but, while they are often included in UPFs, they are not the core of UPFs.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":366306,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818948,691833315,691833314,691821800,691833316,691833317,691822578,691832563],"class_list":{"0":"post-366302","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-epidemiology","9":"tag-fats","10":"tag-good-diet","11":"tag-health-problems","12":"tag-junk-food","13":"tag-no-evidence","14":"tag-sugar","15":"tag-ultraprocessed-foods-upfs","17":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Firefly-war-on-food-44418-scaled-1.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1xi6","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":362705,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=362705","url_meta":{"origin":366302,"position":0},"title":"Modern Scientific Controversies: The War on Food: Part 3 \u2014 UPFs: What Are They Measuring?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"19\/01\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"According to the American Medical Association, in an article that is part of JAMA\u2019s \u201cWhat Doctors Wish Patients Knew\u2122\u201d series: \u201cResearch has shown that diets high in ultraprocessed foods are linked to more than 30 health conditions, according to an umbrella review of meta-analyses that was published in The BMJ.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"American Medical Association\"","block_context":{"text":"American Medical Association","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=american-medical-association"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":342352,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=342352","url_meta":{"origin":366302,"position":1},"title":"What Junk Nutrition Science Looks Like","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/09\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Thanks to the New York Times, in an article in the EAT section, we have the news that \u201cthose who consumed the most ultraprocessed foods were 11 percent more likely to develop cardiovascular disease and 16 percent more likely to develop coronary heart disease during the study period\u201d. The article\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"CHD\"","block_context":{"text":"CHD","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=chd"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/zslide-16-1024.webp?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/zslide-16-1024.webp?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/zslide-16-1024.webp?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/zslide-16-1024.webp?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":361521,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=361521","url_meta":{"origin":366302,"position":2},"title":"Modern Scientific Controversies The War on Food: Part 2, What are UPFs?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"11\/01\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"What are Ultraprocessed Foods?\u00a0\u00a0The UPF literature gives long and confused definitions, but in almost every case, falls back on the definition provided by Carlos A. Monteiro\u00a0(and his colleagues In\u00eas Castro, Renata Bertazzi-Levy, Rafael Claro and Geoffrey Cannon) in\u00a0his\u00a0original work in 2009 on the subject\u00a0titled: \u201cNutrition and health. The issue is\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs)\"","block_context":{"text":"Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=food-frequency-questionnaires-ffqs"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0l158_22901555935007.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0l158_22901555935007.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0l158_22901555935007.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0l158_22901555935007.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0l158_22901555935007.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":360523,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=360523","url_meta":{"origin":366302,"position":3},"title":"Modern Scientific Controversies: The War on Food: Part 1","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/01\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"This is a new entry to a series-of-many which have discussed ongoing scientific controversies, a specific type of which are often referred to in the science press and elsewhere as \u201cWars\u201d \u2013 for instance \u00a0The Monarch Wars, The Meat Wars, The Obesity Epidemic, The Salt Wars, The War in Sugar\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"British Medical Journal (BMJ)\"","block_context":{"text":"British Medical Journal (BMJ)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=british-medical-journal-bmj"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0d4331017934843.562c108350ee7.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":372690,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=372690","url_meta":{"origin":366302,"position":4},"title":"OOPS \u2014UPFs are Not Addictive","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"29\/03\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Dr. Kevin Hall, at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), has recently been conducting \u201crandomized clinical trials to study how diets high in ultra-processed food may cause obesity and other chronic diseases\u201d, and was the lead author of a study, Hall et al. (2019) titled \u201cUltra-Processed Diets Cause Excess\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"energy intake\"","block_context":{"text":"energy intake","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=energy-intake"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0Firefly-war-on-food-44418-scaled-1.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0Firefly-war-on-food-44418-scaled-1.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0Firefly-war-on-food-44418-scaled-1.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0Firefly-war-on-food-44418-scaled-1.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0Firefly-war-on-food-44418-scaled-1.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":412950,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=412950","url_meta":{"origin":366302,"position":5},"title":"Junk science and government","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/11\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Science controversies have become left-right wars fought on the internet. These days everything exists, from run-of-the-mill issues such as\u00a0(fake) climate change\u00a0or extreme numbers of\u00a0unsafe vaccines\u00a0children need to receive --\u00a0up to 80 by age 18, including boosters, and\u00a0COVID vaccines saving lives\u00a0(hardly, but anyhow), to the\u00a0Tylenol-autism dustup.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AQMP_2hKtV011OSQWleScrGVnylGhFzb1xYJ5XF5fOrceOkkaZExCNdGE8vRIsIsbbj9qFbQ3YGG2XQJ1AXcqOVd0lITwiR0xTRq3Pr7rWgkxlZunES106wamcjUmhFw.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AQMP_2hKtV011OSQWleScrGVnylGhFzb1xYJ5XF5fOrceOkkaZExCNdGE8vRIsIsbbj9qFbQ3YGG2XQJ1AXcqOVd0lITwiR0xTRq3Pr7rWgkxlZunES106wamcjUmhFw.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AQMP_2hKtV011OSQWleScrGVnylGhFzb1xYJ5XF5fOrceOkkaZExCNdGE8vRIsIsbbj9qFbQ3YGG2XQJ1AXcqOVd0lITwiR0xTRq3Pr7rWgkxlZunES106wamcjUmhFw.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AQMP_2hKtV011OSQWleScrGVnylGhFzb1xYJ5XF5fOrceOkkaZExCNdGE8vRIsIsbbj9qFbQ3YGG2XQJ1AXcqOVd0lITwiR0xTRq3Pr7rWgkxlZunES106wamcjUmhFw.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AQMP_2hKtV011OSQWleScrGVnylGhFzb1xYJ5XF5fOrceOkkaZExCNdGE8vRIsIsbbj9qFbQ3YGG2XQJ1AXcqOVd0lITwiR0xTRq3Pr7rWgkxlZunES106wamcjUmhFw.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/366302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=366302"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/366302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":366308,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/366302\/revisions\/366308"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/366306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=366302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=366302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=366302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}