{"id":362008,"date":"2025-01-14T09:20:26","date_gmt":"2025-01-14T08:20:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=362008"},"modified":"2025-01-14T09:20:29","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T08:20:29","slug":"happer-cloud-radiation-matters-co2-not-so-much-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=362008","title":{"rendered":"Happer: Cloud Radiation Matters, CO2 Not So Much\u00a0(2025)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" data-attachment-id=\"362033\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362033\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920&amp;#215;1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?fit=723%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?resize=723%2C407&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362033\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C675&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/2025\/01\/13\/happer-cloud-radiation-matters-co2-not-so-much-2025\/\">Science Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/author\/ronaldrc\/\">Ron Clutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mqlj0g2Rzcw?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This month van Wijngaarden and Happer published a new paper&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/scienceofclimatechange.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCC-2025-vWijngaarden-Happer.pdf\"><strong>Radiation Transport in Clouds.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last year William Happer spoke on Radiation Transfer in Clouds at the EIKE conference, and the video is above.&nbsp; For those preferring to read, below is a transcript from the closed captions along with some key exhibits.&nbsp; I left out the most technical section in the latter part of the presentation. Text in italics with my bolds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>William Happer: Radiation Transfer in Clouds<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>People have been looking at Clouds for a very long time in in a quantitative way.<\/strong>\u00a0This is one of the first quantitative studies done about 1800. And this is John Leslie, a Scottish physicist who built\u00a0<strong>this gadget.<\/strong>\u00a0He called it an Aethrioscope, but basically it was designed\u00a0<strong>to figure out how effective the sky was in causing Frost.<\/strong>\u00a0If you live in Scotland, you worry about Frost. So, it consisted of two glass bulbs with a very thin capillary attachment between them. And there was a little column of alcohol here.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"406\" data-attachment-id=\"362011\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362011\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-445.png?fit=1017%2C571&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1017,571\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-445.png?fit=723%2C406&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-445.png?resize=723%2C406&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-445.png?w=1017&amp;ssl=1 1017w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-445.png?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-445.png?resize=768%2C431&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The bulbs were full of air, and so if one bulb got a little bit warmer it would force the alcohol up through the capillary. If this one got colder it would suck the alcohol up. So he set this device out under the clear sky. And he described that the sensibility of the instrument is very striking. For&nbsp;<strong>the liquor incessantly falls and rises in the stem with every passing cloud.<\/strong>&nbsp;in fine weather the aethrioscope will seldom indicate a frigorific impression of less than 30 or more than 80 millesimal degrees. He\u2019s talking about how high this column of alcohol would go up and down&nbsp;<strong>if the sky became overclouded.<\/strong>&nbsp;it may be reduced to as low as 15&nbsp;<strong>refers to how much the sky cools<\/strong>&nbsp;or even five degrees when the congregated vapours hover over the hilly tracks. We don\u2019t speak English that way anymore but I I love it.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>The point was that even in 1800 Leslie and his colleagues knew very well that clouds have an enormous effect on the cooling of the earth<\/strong>. And of course, anyone who has a garden knows that if you have a clear calm night, you\u2019re likely to get Frost and lose your crops. So, this was a quantitative study of that.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"397\" data-attachment-id=\"362012\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362012\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-446.png?fit=993%2C545&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"993,545\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-446.png?fit=723%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-446.png?resize=723%2C397&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362012\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-446.png?w=993&amp;ssl=1 993w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-446.png?resize=300%2C165&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-446.png?resize=768%2C422&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Now it\u2019s important to remember that if you go out today<strong>\u00a0the atmosphere is full of two types of radiation.<\/strong>\u00a0There\u2019s<strong>\u00a0sunlight which you can see<\/strong>\u00a0and then there is the thermal radiation that\u2019s generated by greenhouse gases, by clouds and by the surface of the Earth.\u00a0<strong>You can\u2019t see thermal radiation but you you can feel it i<\/strong>f it\u2019s intense enough by its warming effect. And these\u00a0<strong>curves practically don\u2019t overlap<\/strong>\u00a0so we\u2019re really dealing with two completely different types of radiation.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"404\" data-attachment-id=\"362013\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362013\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-447.png?fit=1021%2C571&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1021,571\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-447.png?fit=723%2C404&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-447.png?resize=723%2C404&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362013\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-447.png?w=1021&amp;ssl=1 1021w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-447.png?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-447.png?resize=768%2C430&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>There\u2019s\u00a0<strong>sunlight which scatters very nicely and off of not only clouds but molecules;<\/strong>\u00a0it\u2019s the blue sky the Rayleigh scattering. Then there\u2019s the thermal radiation which actually doesn\u2019t scatter at all on molecules so<strong>\u00a0greenhouse gases are very good at absorbing thermal radiation but they don\u2019t scatter it.<\/strong>\u00a0But\u00a0<strong>clouds scatter thermal radiation<\/strong>\u00a0and plotted here is the probability that you will find Photon of sunlight between you know log of its wavelength and the log of in this interval of the wavelength scale.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"524\" data-attachment-id=\"362015\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362015\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-448.png?fit=799%2C579&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"799,579\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-448.png?fit=723%2C524&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-448.png?resize=723%2C524&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-448.png?w=799&amp;ssl=1 799w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-448.png?resize=300%2C217&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-448.png?resize=768%2C557&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Since Leslie\u2019s day two types of instruments have been developed to do what he did more precisely. One of them is called a\u00a0<strong>pyranometer<\/strong>\u00a0and this is designed to measure sunlight coming down onto the Earth on a day like this. So you put this instrument out there and it would<strong>\u00a0read the flux of sunlight coming down.<\/strong>\u00a0It\u2019s designed to see sunlight coming\u00a0<strong>in every direction<\/strong>\u00a0so it doesn\u2019t matter which angle the sun is shining; it\u2019s uh calibrated to see them all.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"422\" data-attachment-id=\"362016\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362016\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-449.png?fit=979%2C571&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"979,571\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-449.png?fit=723%2C422&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-449.png?resize=723%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362016\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-449.png?w=979&amp;ssl=1 979w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-449.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-449.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Let me show you a measurement by a pyranometer. This is a actually a<strong>&nbsp;curve from a sales brochure<\/strong>&nbsp;of a company that will sell you one of these devices. It\u2019s&nbsp;<strong>comparing two types of detectors<\/strong>&nbsp;and as you can see they\u2019re very good you can hardly tell the difference. The point is that if you look&nbsp;<strong>on a clear day with no clouds<\/strong>&nbsp;you see sunlight beginning to increase at dawn it&nbsp;<strong>peaks at noon and it goes down to zero<\/strong>&nbsp;and there\u2019s no sunlight at night. So half of the day over most of the Earth there\u2019s no sunlight in the in the atmosphere.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Here\u2019s<strong>\u00a0a day with clouds,<\/strong>\u00a0it\u2019s just\u00a0<strong>a few days later<\/strong>\u00a0shown by days of the year going across. You can see every time\u00a0<strong>a cloud goes by the intensity hitting the ground goes down<\/strong>. With a little clear sky, it goes up, then down up and so on. On average at this particular day, you get\u00a0<strong>a lot less sunlight than you did on the clear day.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"385\" data-attachment-id=\"362017\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362017\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-450.png?fit=1012%2C539&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1012,539\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-450.png?fit=723%2C385&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-450.png?resize=723%2C385&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362017\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-450.png?w=1012&amp;ssl=1 1012w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-450.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-450.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>But you know\u00a0<strong>nature is surprising.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Einstein<\/strong>\u00a0had this wonderful<strong>\u00a0quote: God is subtle but he\u2019s not malicious.<\/strong>\u00a0He meant that nature does all of sorts of<strong>\u00a0things you don\u2019t expect<\/strong>, and so let me show you what happens on a\u00a0<strong>partly cloudy day.<\/strong>\u00a0Here so this is data taken\u00a0<strong>near Munich.<\/strong>\u00a0The blue curve is the measurement and the\u00a0<strong>red curve is is the intensity on the ground if there were no clouds.<\/strong>\u00a0This is a partly cloudy day and you can see there are brief\u00a0<strong>periods when the sunlight is much brighter on the detector on a cloudy day than it is on the clear day.<\/strong>\u00a0And that\u2019s because coming through clouds\u00a0<strong>you get focusing from the edges of the cloud pointing down toward your detector.<\/strong>\u00a0That means somewhere else there\u2019s less radiation reaching the ground. But this is rather surprising to most people. I was very surprised to learn about it, but it just shows that\u00a0<strong>the actual details of climate are a lot more subtle than you might think.<\/strong><\/em>#<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"449\" data-attachment-id=\"362019\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362019\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-451.png?fit=893%2C555&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"893,555\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-451.png?fit=723%2C449&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-451.png?resize=723%2C449&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-451.png?w=893&amp;ssl=1 893w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-451.png?resize=300%2C186&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-451.png?resize=768%2C477&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>We know that visible light only happens during the daytime and stops at night. There\u2019s a second type of important radiation which is the&nbsp;<strong>thermal radiation which is measured by a similar device.<\/strong>&nbsp;You have a&nbsp;<strong>silicon window that passes infrared,&nbsp;<\/strong>which is below the band gap of silicon, so it passes through it as though transparent. Then there\u2019s<strong>&nbsp;some interference filters<\/strong>&nbsp;here to give you further discrimination against sunlight. So&nbsp;<strong>sunlight practically doesn\u2019t go through this at all, so they call it solar solar blind<\/strong>&nbsp;since it doesn\u2019t see the Sun.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>But it<strong>\u00a0sees thermal radiation very clearly<\/strong>\u00a0with a big difference between this device and the sunlight sensing device I showed you. Because actually\u00a0<strong>most of the time this is radiating up not down.<\/strong>\u00a0Out in the open air this detector normally gets colder than the body of the instrument. And so, it\u2019s carefully\u00a0<strong>calibrated for you to compare the balance of down coming radiation with the upcoming radiation.<\/strong>\u00a0Upcoming is normally greater than down coming.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" data-attachment-id=\"362020\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362020\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-452.png?fit=999%2C563&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"999,563\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-452.png?fit=723%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-452.png?resize=723%2C407&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362020\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-452.png?w=999&amp;ssl=1 999w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-452.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-452.png?resize=768%2C433&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>I\u2019ll show you some<strong>\u00a0measurements of the downwelling flux<\/strong>\u00a0here; these are actually in Greenland in Thule and these are are\u00a0<strong>watts per square meter<\/strong>\u00a0on the vertical axis here. The first thing to notice is that the\u00a0<strong>radiation continues day and night<\/strong>\u00a0you can you if you look at the output of the pyrgeometer you can\u2019t tell whether it\u2019s day or night because the\u00a0<strong>atmosphere is just as bright at night as it is during the day.<\/strong>\u00a0However, the\u00a0<strong>big difference is clouds<\/strong>: on a cloudy day you get a lot\u00a0<strong>more downwelling radiation than you do on a clear day<\/strong>. Here\u2019s a a near a full day of clear weather there\u2019s another several days of clear weather. Then suddenly it gets cloudy.\u00a0<strong>Radiation rises because the bottoms of the clouds are relatively warm at least compared to the clear sky.<\/strong>\u00a0I think if you put the numbers In, this cloud bottom is around<strong>\u00a05\u00b0 Centigrade so it was fairly low Cloud.<\/strong>\u00a0it was summertime in Greenland and this compares to about\u00a0<strong>minus 5\u00b0 for the clear sky.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"435\" data-attachment-id=\"362022\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362022\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-453.png?fit=973%2C585&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"973,585\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-453.png?fit=723%2C435&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-453.png?resize=723%2C435&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362022\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-453.png?w=973&amp;ssl=1 973w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-453.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-453.png?resize=768%2C462&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>So, there\u2019s a lot of data out there and there really is\u00a0<strong>downwelling radiation<\/strong>\u00a0there no no question about that you measure it routinely. And now you can\u00a0<strong>do the same thing looking down from satellites,<\/strong>\u00a0so this is a picture that I\u00a0<strong>downloaded<\/strong>\u00a0a few weeks ago to get ready for this talk from Princeton and it was<strong>\u00a0from Princeton at 6 PM so it was already dark in Europe.<\/strong>\u00a0So this is a picture of the Earth from a geosynchronous\u00a0<strong>satellite that\u2019s parked over Ecuador<\/strong>. You are looking down on the Western Hemisphere and this is a<strong>\u00a0filtered image of the Earth in Blue Light at 47 micrometers.<\/strong>\u00a0So, it\u2019s a nice blue color not so different from the sky and it\u2019s dark where the sun has set. There\u2019s still a fair amount of sunlight over the United States and the further west.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Here is exactly<strong>&nbsp;the same time and from the same satellite the infrared radiation coming up at 10.3 which is right in the middle of the infrared window<\/strong>&nbsp;where there\u2019s not much Greenhouse gas absorption; there\u2019s a little bit from water vapor but very little, trivial from CO2.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>As you can see, you can\u2019t tell which side is night and which side is day. So&nbsp;<strong>even though the sun has set over here it is still glowing nice and bright.<\/strong>&nbsp;There\u2019s sort of a pesky difference here because what you\u2019re looking at here is&nbsp;<strong>reflected sunlight over the intertropical Convergence Zone.<\/strong>&nbsp;There are lots of high clouds that have been pushed up by the convection in the tropics and uh so this means more visible light here. You\u2019re looking at emission of the cloud top so this is less thermal light so white here means less light, white there means more light so you have to calibrate your thinking. to<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>But<strong>\u00a0the Striking thing<\/strong>\u00a0about all of this: if you can see the Earth is covered with clouds,\u00a0<strong>you have to look hard to find a a clear spot of the earth<\/strong>. Roughly half of the earth maybe is clear at any given time but\u00a0<strong>most of its covered with clouds<\/strong>. So, if anything governs the climate it is clouds and and so that\u2019s one of the reasons, I admire so much the work that Svensmark and Nir Shaviv have done. Because they\u2019re focusing on\u00a0<strong>the most important mechanism of the earth: it\u2019s not Greenhouse Gases, it\u2019s Clouds<\/strong>. You can see that here.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"412\" data-attachment-id=\"362023\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362023\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-454.png?fit=1009%2C575&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1009,575\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-454.png?fit=723%2C412&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-454.png?resize=723%2C412&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362023\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-454.png?w=1009&amp;ssl=1 1009w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-454.png?resize=300%2C171&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-454.png?resize=768%2C438&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Now this is a single frequency let me show you\u00a0<strong>what happens if you look down from a satellite and do look at the Spectrum.<\/strong>\u00a0This is the spectrum of light coming up over the Sahara Desert measured from a satellite. And so here is\u00a0<strong>the infrared window; there\u2019s the 10.3 microns<\/strong>\u00a0I mentioned in the previous slide it\u2019s it\u2019s a clear region. So, radiation in this region can get up from the surface of the Sahara right up to outer space.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Notice that the units on these scales are very different;&nbsp;<strong>over the Sahara the top unit is 200, 150 over the Mediterranean and it\u2019s only 60 over the South Pole<\/strong>. But at least the Mediterranean and the Sahara are roughly similar so the right side here these&nbsp;<strong>three curves on the right are observations<\/strong>&nbsp;from satellites and the<strong>&nbsp;three curves on the left are are calculations<\/strong>&nbsp;modeling that we\u2019ve done.<strong>&nbsp;The point here is that you can hardly tell the difference between a model calculation and observed radiation.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>So, it\u2019s really\u00a0<strong>straightforward to calculate radiation transfer.<\/strong>\u00a0If someone quotes you a number in watts per square centimeter you should take it seriously; that probably a good number. If they tell you a temperature you don\u2019t know what to make about it. Because there\u2019s a\u00a0<strong>big step between going from watts per square centimeter to a temperature change<\/strong>. All the\u00a0<strong>mischief in the whole climate business is going from watts per square centimeter to to Centigrade or Kelvin.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"408\" data-attachment-id=\"362025\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362025\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-455.png?fit=997%2C563&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"997,563\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-455.png?fit=723%2C408&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-455.png?resize=723%2C408&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362025\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-455.png?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-455.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-455.png?resize=768%2C434&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Now I will say just a few words about<strong>\u00a0clear sky<\/strong>\u00a0because that is the simplest. Then we\u2019ll get on to clouds, the topic of this talk. This is a\u00a0<strong>calculation with the same codes<\/strong>\u00a0that I showed you in the previous slide which as you saw work very well. It\u2019s worth spending a little time because this is<strong>\u00a0the famous Planck curve that was the birth of quantum mechanics.<\/strong>\u00a0There is Max Planck who figured out what the formula for that curve is and why it is that way. This is\u00a0<strong>what the Earth would radiate at 15\u00b0 Centigrade if there were no greenhouse gases.<\/strong>\u00a0You would get this beautiful smooth curve the Planck curve. If you actually look at the\u00a0<strong>Earth from the satellites,<\/strong>\u00a0you get a\u00a0<strong>raggedy jaggedy black curve<\/strong>. We like to call that the Schwarzchild curve because<strong>\u00a0Carl Schwarzchild<\/strong>\u00a0was the person who\u00a0<strong>showed how to do that calculation.<\/strong>\u00a0Tragically he died during World War I, a Big Big loss to science.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>There are two colored curves that I want to draw your attention. The\u00a0<strong>green curve is is what Earth would radiate to space if you took away all the CO2,<\/strong>\u00a0so it only differs from the black curve you know in the CO2 band here this is the<strong>\u00a0bending band of CO2 which is the main greenhouse effect of CO2.<\/strong>\u00a0There\u2019s a little additional effect here which is the asymmetric stretch but it it doesn\u2019t contribute very much. Then here is a\u00a0<strong>red curve<\/strong>\u00a0and that\u2019s\u00a0<strong>what happens if you double CO2.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>So, notice the huge asymmetry.<strong>\u00a0If taking all 400 parts per million of CO2<\/strong>\u00a0away from the atmosphere\u00a0<strong>causes this enormous change 30 watts per square meter,<\/strong>\u00a0the difference between this green 307 and and the black 277, that\u2019s 30 watts per square meter. But\u00a0<strong>if you double CO2 you practically don\u2019t make any change.<\/strong>\u00a0This is the famous saturation of CO2. At the levels we have now doubling CO2,\u00a0<strong>a 100% Increase of CO2 only changes the radiation to space by 3 watts per square meter.<\/strong>\u00a0The difference between 274 for the red curve and 277 for the curve for today. So\u00a0<strong>it\u2019s a tiny amount: for 100% increase in CO2 a 1% decrease of radiation to space.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>That allows you to<strong>&nbsp;estimate the feedback-free climate sensitivity<\/strong>&nbsp;in your head. I\u2019ll talk you through the feedback-free climate free sensitivity. So doubling CO2 is a&nbsp;<strong>1% decrease of radiation to space.<\/strong>&nbsp;If that happens then the<strong>&nbsp;Earth will start to warm up<\/strong>. But it will&nbsp;<strong>radiate as the fourth power of the temperature.<\/strong>&nbsp;So temperature starts to rise but if you\u2019ve got a fourth power, the temperature only has to<strong>&nbsp;rise by one-quarter of a percent absolute temperature.<\/strong>&nbsp;So a 1% forcing in watts per square centimeter is a one-quarter percent of temperature in Kelvin. Since the ambient Kelvin temperature is about 300 Kelvin (actually a little less) a quarter of that is 75 Kelvin. So the<strong>&nbsp;feedback free equilibrium climate sensitivity is less than 1 Degree. It\u2019s 0.75 Centigrade<\/strong>. It\u2019s a number you can do in your head.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>So, when you hear about 3 centigrade instead of .75 C that\u2019s a factor of four, all of which is positive feedback.<\/strong>\u00a0So how is there really\u00a0<strong>that much positive feedback?<\/strong>\u00a0Because most feedback in nature are negative. The famous\u00a0<strong>Le Chatelier principle<\/strong>\u00a0which says that if you perturb\u00a0<strong>a system it reacts in a way to to dampen the perturbation does not increase it.<\/strong>\u00a0There are a few positive feedback systems that we\u2019re familiar with for example High explosives have positive feedback. So,\u00a0<strong>if the earth\u2019s climate were like other positive feedback systems<\/strong>, all of them are highly explosive,<strong>\u00a0it would have exploded a long time ago.<\/strong>\u00a0But the climate has never done that, so the\u00a0<strong>empirical observational evidence from geology<\/strong>\u00a0is that the climate is like any other feedback system it\u2019s probably negative Okay, so I leave that thought with you and and let me stress again:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>This is clear skies no clouds; if you add clouds all this does is<br>suppress the effects of changes of the greenhouse gas.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>So now let\u2019s talk about clouds and the theory of clouds, since we\u2019ve already seen clouds are very important. Here is the formidable equation of transfer which has been around since Schwarzchild\u2019s day. So, some of the symbols here relate to the intensity, another represents scattering. If you have a thermal radiation on a greenhouse gas where it comes in and immediately is absorbed, there\u2019s no scattering at all. If you hit a cloud particle it will scatter this way or that way, or some maybe even backwards.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"431\" data-attachment-id=\"362027\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362027\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-456.png?fit=931%2C555&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"931,555\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-456.png?fit=723%2C431&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-456.png?resize=723%2C431&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362027\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-456.png?w=931&amp;ssl=1 931w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-456.png?resize=300%2C179&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-456.png?resize=768%2C458&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>So, all of that\u2019s\u00a0<strong>described by this integral<\/strong>\u00a0so you\u2019ve got\u00a0<strong>incoming light at One Direction, and you\u2019ve got outgoing light at a second Direction.<\/strong>\u00a0And then<strong>\u00a0at the same time<\/strong>\u00a0you\u2019ve got\u00a0<strong>thermal radiation,<\/strong>\u00a0so the\u00a0<strong>warm particles of the cloud are are emitting radiation<\/strong>\u00a0creating photons which are coming out and and increasing the Earth glow and this is represented by\u00a0<strong>two parameters<\/strong>. Even a single<strong>\u00a0cloud particle has an albedo<\/strong>, this is is the\u00a0<strong>fraction of<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>radiation<\/strong>\u00a0that hits the cloud\u00a0<strong>that is scattered as opposed to absorbed<\/strong>\u00a0and being converted to heat. It\u2019s a very important parameter<strong>\u00a0for visible light and white clouds, typically 99% of the encounters are scattered<\/strong>.<strong>\u00a0But for thermal radiation it\u2019s much less.<\/strong>\u00a0So, water scatters thermal radiation only half as efficiently as shorter wavelengths.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The big problem is that in spite of all the<strong>\u00a0billions of dollars<\/strong>\u00a0that we have\u00a0<strong>spent<\/strong>, these\u00a0<strong>things which should be known and and would have been known if there hadn\u2019t been this crazy fixation on carbon dioxide<\/strong>\u00a0and greenhouse gases. And so, we\u2019ve neglected working on these areas that are really important as opposed to the trivial effects of greenhouse gases.\u00a0<strong>Attenuation in a cloud is both scattering and absorption<\/strong>. Of course, you have to<strong>\u00a0solve these equations for every different frequency<\/strong>\u00a0of the light because especially for molecules, there\u2019s a strong frequency dependence.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"442\" data-attachment-id=\"362029\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362029\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-457.png?fit=935%2C571&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"935,571\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-457.png?fit=723%2C442&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-457.png?resize=723%2C442&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362029\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-457.png?w=935&amp;ssl=1 935w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-457.png?resize=300%2C183&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-457.png?resize=768%2C469&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>In summary, let<\/strong> me show you this\u00a0<strong>photo<\/strong>\u00a0which was taken by Harrison Schmitt who was a friend of mine on one of the first moonshots. It was taken in December and looking at this you can see that they were south of Madagascar when the photograph was taken. You can see\u00a0<strong>it was Winter<\/strong>\u00a0because here the\u00a0<strong>Intertropical Convergence Zone is quite a bit south of the Equator<\/strong>; it\u2019s moved Way South of India and Saudi Arabia. By good luck they had the sun behind them, so they had the whole earth Irradiated.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>There\u2019s a lot of information there and and again let me draw your attention to&nbsp;<strong>how much of the Earth is covered with clouds<\/strong>. So only very small parts of the Earth can actually be directly affected by greenhouse gases, of the order of half. The takeaway message is that&nbsp;<strong>clouds and water vapor are much more important than greenhouse gases for earth\u2019s climate.<\/strong>&nbsp;The second point is the reason they\u2019re much more important:&nbsp;<strong>doubling CO2<\/strong>&nbsp;as I indicated in the middle of the talk&nbsp;<strong>only causes a 1% difference of radiation to space.<\/strong>&nbsp;It is a very tiny effect because of saturation. You know people like to say that\u2019s not so, but you can\u2019t really argue that one, even the IPCC gets the same numbers that we do.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>And you also know that covering half of the sky with&nbsp;<strong>clouds will decrease solar heating by 50%. So for clouds it\u2019s one to one, for greenhouse gases it\u2019s a 100 to one.<\/strong>&nbsp;If you really want to affect the climate, you want to do something to the clouds. You will have a very&nbsp;<strong>hard time making any difference with Net Zero<\/strong>&nbsp;with CO2 if you are alarmed about the warmings that have happened.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>So, one would hope that with all the\u00a0<strong>money<\/strong>\u00a0that we\u2019ve\u00a0<strong>spent trying to turn CO2 into a demon<\/strong>\u00a0that\u00a0<strong>some good science has come out of it.<\/strong>\u00a0From my point of view this is a small part of it, this\u00a0<strong>scattering theory<\/strong>\u00a0that I think will be here a long time after the craze over greenhouse gases has gone away. I hope there will be other things too. You can point to the<strong>\u00a0better instrumentation<\/strong>\u00a0that we\u2019ve got, satellite instrumentation as well as ground instrumentation. So that\u2019s been a good investment of money. But<strong>\u00a0the money we\u2019ve spent on supercomputers and modeling has been completely wasted in my view.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"561\" data-attachment-id=\"362031\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=362031\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?fit=2316%2C1796&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2316,1796\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0climate-models-epic-fail\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?fit=723%2C561&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=723%2C561&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362031\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=1024%2C794&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=300%2C233&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=768%2C596&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=1536%2C1191&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=2048%2C1588&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?resize=1200%2C931&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0climate-models-epic-fail-2.png?w=2169&amp;ssl=1 2169w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is clear skies no clouds; if you add clouds all this does is<br \/>\nsuppress the effects of changes of the greenhouse gas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":362033,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818522,691829997,691818432,691819567],"class_list":["post-362008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-atmosphere","tag-carbon-dioxide-co","tag-clouds","tag-radiation","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0beautiful_ocean_sea_horizon_clouds_white_yellow_sky_hd_ocean-1920x1080-1.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1waQ","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":384697,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=384697","url_meta":{"origin":362008,"position":0},"title":"New Study: The Cloud Radiative Effect Is The \u2018Crucial Missing Piece\u2019 Explaining 21st Century Warming","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/24\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Another observational analysis finds the shortwave effect of clouds is the \u201cthe dominant term of the recent increase in absorbed solar radiation\u201d explaining 2001-2024 warming.","rel":"","context":"In \"2001-2024 warming\"","block_context":{"text":"2001-2024 warming","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=2001-2024-warming"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-500.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-500.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-500.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-500.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":337836,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=337836","url_meta":{"origin":362008,"position":1},"title":"Happer: Cloud Radiation Matters, CO2 Not So\u00a0Much","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/28\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"This is clear skies no clouds; if you add clouds all this does is suppress the effects of changes of the greenhouse gas.","rel":"","context":"In \"Clouds\"","block_context":{"text":"Clouds","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=clouds"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0climate-models-epic-fail-1.png?fit=1200%2C931&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0climate-models-epic-fail-1.png?fit=1200%2C931&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0climate-models-epic-fail-1.png?fit=1200%2C931&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0climate-models-epic-fail-1.png?fit=1200%2C931&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0climate-models-epic-fail-1.png?fit=1200%2C931&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":342670,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=342670","url_meta":{"origin":362008,"position":2},"title":"Satellite Observations Confirm 2000-\u201922 Warming Has Been Due To An Increasing Solar Radiation Trend","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"09\/11\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Satellite observations from CERES (Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System) indicate cloud cover has been declining since 2000. Declining cloud cover has meant less shortwave radiation has been reflected to space, resulting in an increase in the solar radiation absorbed by the Earth\u2019s surface (ocean).","rel":"","context":"In \"CERES (Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System)\"","block_context":{"text":"CERES (Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=ceres-clouds-and-the-earths-radiant-energy-system"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0AdobeStock_266865139.jpg?fit=1200%2C668&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0AdobeStock_266865139.jpg?fit=1200%2C668&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0AdobeStock_266865139.jpg?fit=1200%2C668&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0AdobeStock_266865139.jpg?fit=1200%2C668&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0AdobeStock_266865139.jpg?fit=1200%2C668&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":358490,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=358490","url_meta":{"origin":362008,"position":3},"title":"New Study: The Warming Trend Since 2013 Explained by Increases in Absorbed Solar Radiation, Not CO2","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/24\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Instead, a\u00a0new study\u00a0published in the journal\u00a0Science\u00a0contends that decreasing cloud albedo and the consequent increase in ASR or absorbed solar radiation (+0.97 to 1.10 W\/m\u00b2\/decade according to ERA5 and CERES, respectively), explains the warming over the last decade. (Less cloud cover means more solar radiation reaches the Earth\u2019s surface, warming it.)","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0acp-20-9895-2020-f06-web.png?fit=1200%2C536&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0acp-20-9895-2020-f06-web.png?fit=1200%2C536&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0acp-20-9895-2020-f06-web.png?fit=1200%2C536&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0acp-20-9895-2020-f06-web.png?fit=1200%2C536&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0acp-20-9895-2020-f06-web.png?fit=1200%2C536&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":374008,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=374008","url_meta":{"origin":362008,"position":4},"title":"More Evidence on Vapor Pressure Deficit, Cloud Reduction, and Climate Change","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/07\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In addition to WUWT, more and more web sites are mentioning cloud reduction as a source of climate change but offer no source of the cloud reduction.\u00a0 WUWT was the first to published this author\u2019s theory: Cloud Reduction Global Warming, CRGW,\u00a0(1).\u00a0 A critical part of CRGW theory is the relationship\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0-clouds-33.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0-clouds-33.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0-clouds-33.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0-clouds-33.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0-clouds-33.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":387999,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=387999","url_meta":{"origin":362008,"position":5},"title":"Fritz Vahrenholt: Temperatures and clouds","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/10\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"At the beginning of July, global temperatures continued to fall significantly. Nevertheless, panic was spread in Germany by public media. The Greens even called for a work-free heat-free on days above 25 degrees Celsius. A maximum temperature of 25 degrees is the definition for a summer day in Germany. We\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation)\"","block_context":{"text":"AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=amo-atlantic-multidecadal-oscillation"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-8.-Juni-2025-18_50_51.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-8.-Juni-2025-18_50_51.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-8.-Juni-2025-18_50_51.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-8.-Juni-2025-18_50_51.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-8.-Juni-2025-18_50_51.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362008","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=362008"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362008\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":362035,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362008\/revisions\/362035"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/362033"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=362008"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=362008"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=362008"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}