{"id":360441,"date":"2025-01-04T09:33:08","date_gmt":"2025-01-04T08:33:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=360441"},"modified":"2025-01-04T09:33:11","modified_gmt":"2025-01-04T08:33:11","slug":"uah-v6-1-global-temperature-update-for-december-2024-0-62-deg-c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=360441","title":{"rendered":"UAH v6.1 Global Temperature Update for December 2024: +0.62 deg. C"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drroyspencer.com\/2025\/01\/uah-v6-1-global-temperature-update-for-december-2024-0-62-deg-c\/\">Roy Spencer, PhD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><small>January 3rd, 2025 by Roy W. Spencer, Ph. D.<\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2024 Sets New Record for Warmest Year In Satellite Era (Since 1979)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Version 6.1 global average lower tropospheric temperature (LT) anomaly for December 2024 was +0.62 deg. C departure from the 1991-2020 mean, down slightly from the November 2024 anomaly of +0.64 deg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"325\" data-attachment-id=\"360443\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=360443\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?fit=2048%2C922&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2048,922\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048&amp;#215;922\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?fit=723%2C325&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?resize=723%2C325&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-360443\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C461&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?resize=300%2C135&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?resize=768%2C346&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?resize=1536%2C692&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C540&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Version 6.1 global area-averaged temperature trend (January 1979 through December 2024) remains at +0.15 deg\/ C\/decade (+0.22 C\/decade over land, +0.13 C\/decade over oceans).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As seen in the following ranking of the years from warmest to coolest, 2024 was by far the warmest in the 46-year satellite record averaging 0.77 deg. C above the 30-year mean, while the 2nd warmest year (2023) was +0.43 deg. C above the 30-year mean. [Note: These yearly average anomalies weight the individual monthly anomalies by the number of days in each month.]<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"542\" data-attachment-id=\"360444\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=360444\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?fit=2048%2C1536&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1536\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?fit=723%2C542&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=723%2C542&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-360444\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=1536%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=1200%2C900&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=800%2C600&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=600%2C450&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=400%2C300&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?resize=200%2C150&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-81.png?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following table lists various regional Version 6.1 LT departures from the 30-year (1991-2020) average for the last 24 months (record highs are in red).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>YEAR<\/td><td>MO<\/td><td>GLOBE<\/td><td>NHEM.<\/td><td>SHEM.<\/td><td>TROPIC<\/td><td>USA48<\/td><td>ARCTIC<\/td><td>AUST<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Jan<\/td><td>-0.06<\/td><td>+0.07<\/td><td>-0.19<\/td><td>-0.41<\/td><td>+0.14<\/td><td>-0.10<\/td><td>-0.45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Feb<\/td><td>+0.07<\/td><td>+0.13<\/td><td>+0.01<\/td><td>-0.13<\/td><td>+0.64<\/td><td>-0.26<\/td><td>+0.11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Mar<\/td><td>+0.18<\/td><td>+0.22<\/td><td>+0.14<\/td><td>-0.17<\/td><td>-1.36<\/td><td>+0.15<\/td><td>+0.58<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Apr<\/td><td>+0.12<\/td><td>+0.04<\/td><td>+0.20<\/td><td>-0.09<\/td><td>-0.40<\/td><td>+0.47<\/td><td>+0.41<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>May<\/td><td>+0.28<\/td><td>+0.16<\/td><td>+0.41<\/td><td>+0.32<\/td><td>+0.37<\/td><td>+0.52<\/td><td>+0.10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>June<\/td><td>+0.30<\/td><td>+0.33<\/td><td>+0.28<\/td><td>+0.51<\/td><td>-0.55<\/td><td>+0.29<\/td><td>+0.20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>July<\/td><td>+0.56<\/td><td>+0.59<\/td><td>+0.54<\/td><td>+0.83<\/td><td>+0.28<\/td><td>+0.79<\/td><td>+1.42<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Aug<\/td><td>+0.61<\/td><td>+0.77<\/td><td>+0.45<\/td><td>+0.78<\/td><td>+0.71<\/td><td>+1.49<\/td><td>+1.30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Sep<\/td><td>+0.80<\/td><td>+0.84<\/td><td><mark>+0.<\/mark>76<\/td><td>+0.82<\/td><td>+0.25<\/td><td>+1.11<\/td><td>+1.17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Oct<\/td><td><strong>+<\/strong>0.79<\/td><td>+0.85<\/td><td>+0.72<\/td><td>+0.85<\/td><td>+0.83<\/td><td>+0.81<\/td><td>+0.57<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Nov<\/td><td>+0.77<\/td><td>+0.87<\/td><td>+0.67<\/td><td>+0.87<\/td><td>+0.50<\/td><td>+1.08<\/td><td>+0.29<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>Dec<\/td><td>+0.75<\/td><td>+0.92<\/td><td>+0.57<\/td><td>+1.01<\/td><td>+1.22<\/td><td>+0.31<\/td><td>+0.70<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Jan<\/td><td>+0.80<\/td><td><mark>+1.0<\/mark>2<\/td><td>+0.58<\/td><td><mark>+1.<\/mark>20<\/td><td>-0.19<\/td><td>+0.40<\/td><td>+1.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Feb<\/td><td><mark>+0.<\/mark>88<\/td><td>+0.95<\/td><td><strong><mark>+0.81<\/mark><\/strong><\/td><td>+1.17<\/td><td>+1.31<\/td><td>+0.86<\/td><td>+1.16<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Mar<\/td><td><mark>+0.<\/mark>88<\/td><td>+0.96<\/td><td><mark>+0.80<\/mark><\/td><td><mark><strong>+1.<\/strong><\/mark><strong><mark>26<\/mark><\/strong><\/td><td>+0.22<\/td><td>+1.05<\/td><td>+1.34<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Apr<\/td><td><mark><strong>+0.94<\/strong><\/mark><\/td><td><mark><strong>+<\/strong><\/mark><strong><mark>1.12<\/mark><\/strong><\/td><td>+0.77<\/td><td>+1.15<\/td><td>+0.86<\/td><td>+0.88<\/td><td>+0.54<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>May<\/td><td>+0.78<\/td><td>+0.77<\/td><td>+0.78<\/td><td>+1.20<\/td><td>+0.05<\/td><td>+0.22<\/td><td>+0.53<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>June<\/td><td>+0.69<\/td><td>+0.78<\/td><td>+0.60<\/td><td>+0.85<\/td><td>+1.37<\/td><td>+0.64<\/td><td>+0.91<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>July<\/td><td>+0.74<\/td><td>+0.86<\/td><td>+0.62<\/td><td>+0.97<\/td><td>+0.44<\/td><td>+0.56<\/td><td>-0.06<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Aug<\/td><td>+0.76<\/td><td>+0.82<\/td><td>+0.70<\/td><td>+0.75<\/td><td>+0.41<\/td><td>+0.88<\/td><td><mark><strong>+1.<\/strong><\/mark><strong><mark>7<\/mark><\/strong><mark><strong>5<\/strong><\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Sep<\/td><td>+0.81<\/td><td>+1.04<\/td><td>+0.58<\/td><td>+0.82<\/td><td>+1.32<\/td><td>+1.48<\/td><td>+0.98<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Oct<\/td><td>+0.75<\/td><td>+0.89<\/td><td>+0.61<\/td><td>+0.64<\/td><td>+1.90<\/td><td>+0.81<\/td><td>+1.09<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Nov<\/td><td>+0.64<\/td><td>+0.88<\/td><td>+0.41<\/td><td>+0.53<\/td><td>+1.12<\/td><td>+0.79<\/td><td>+1.00<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>Dec<\/td><td>+0.62<\/td><td>+0.76<\/td><td>+0.48<\/td><td>+0.53<\/td><td>+1.42<\/td><td>+1.12<\/td><td>+1.54<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The full UAH Global Temperature Report, along with the LT global grid point anomaly image for December 2024, and a more detailed analysis by John Christy, should be available within the next several days\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/nsstc.uah.edu\/climate\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The monthly anomalies for various regions for the four deep layers we monitor from satellites will be available in the next several days at the following locations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/vortex.nsstc.uah.edu\/data\/msu\/v6.1\/tlt\/uahncdc_lt_6.1.txt\">Lower Troposphere<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/vortex.nsstc.uah.edu\/data\/msu\/v6.1\/tmt\/uahncdc_mt_6.1.txt\">Mid-Troposphere<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/vortex.nsstc.uah.edu\/data\/msu\/v6.1\/ttp\/uahncdc_tp_6.1.txt\">Tropopause<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/vortex.nsstc.uah.edu\/data\/msu\/v6.1\/tls\/uahncdc_ls_6.1.txt\">Lower Stratosphere<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Version 6.1 global average lower tropospheric temperature (LT) anomaly for December 2024 was +0.62 deg. C departure from the 1991-2020 mean, down slightly from the November 2024 anomaly of +0.64 deg.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":360443,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691832272,691832423,691832424,691820796],"class_list":{"0":"post-360441","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-december-2024","9":"tag-global-temperature-update","10":"tag-lt-global-grid-point-anomaly","11":"tag-uah-global-temperature-report","13":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0UAH_LT_1979_thru_December_2024_v6.1_20x9-2048x922-1.jpg?fit=2048%2C922&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1vLz","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":364502,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=364502","url_meta":{"origin":360441,"position":0},"title":"UAH v6.1 Global Temperature Update for January 2025: +0.46 deg. C","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/02\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Version 6.1 global average lower tropospheric temperature (LT) anomaly for January, 2025 was +0.46 deg. C departure from the 1991-2020 mean, down substantially from the December, 2024 anomaly of +0.62 deg. Most of this cooling was over the global oceans.","rel":"","context":"In \"global temperature\"","block_context":{"text":"global temperature","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=global-temperature"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_January_2025_v6.1_20x9-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_January_2025_v6.1_20x9-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_January_2025_v6.1_20x9-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_January_2025_v6.1_20x9-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_January_2025_v6.1_20x9-scaled-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":415800,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=415800","url_meta":{"origin":360441,"position":1},"title":"UAH v6.1 Global Temperature Update for November 2025: +0.43 deg. C","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"03\/12\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Version 6.1 global average lower tropospheric temperature (LT) anomaly for November 2025 was +0.43 deg. C departure from the 1991-2020 mean, down from the October 2025 value of +0.53 deg. C.","rel":"","context":"In \"global temperature\"","block_context":{"text":"global temperature","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=global-temperature"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_November_2025_v6.1_20x9-1536x691-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_November_2025_v6.1_20x9-1536x691-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_November_2025_v6.1_20x9-1536x691-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_November_2025_v6.1_20x9-1536x691-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/00UAH_LT_1979_thru_November_2025_v6.1_20x9-1536x691-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C540&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":411483,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=411483","url_meta":{"origin":360441,"position":2},"title":"UAH v6.1 Global Temperature Update for October 2025: +0.53 deg. C","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/11\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Version 6.1 global average lower tropospheric temperature (LT) anomaly for October 2025 was +0.53 deg. 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