{"id":349393,"date":"2024-10-29T08:37:40","date_gmt":"2024-10-29T07:37:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=349393"},"modified":"2024-10-29T08:37:42","modified_gmt":"2024-10-29T07:37:42","slug":"a-demonstration-low-correlations-do-not-necessarily-lead-to-low-confidence-in-data-regressions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=349393","title":{"rendered":"A Demonstration: Low Correlations Do Not Necessarily Lead to Low Confidence in Data Regressions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Roy Spencer, PhD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

October 28th, 2024 by Roy W. Spencer, Ph. D.<\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a recent post<\/a> I used our new Urban Heat Island (UHI) warming estimates at individual U.S. GHCN stations having at least 120 years of data to demonstrate that the homogenized (adjusted) GHCN data still contain substantial UHI effects. Therefore, spurious warming from UHI effects is inflating reported U.S. warming trends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The data plots I presented had considerable scatter, though, leading to concerns that there is large uncertainty in my quantitative estimates of how much UHI warming remains in the GHCN data. So, I updated that post<\/a> to include additional statistics of the regressions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Simple Example: High Correlation, But Low Confidence In the Regression Slope<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following plot of a small amount of data I created shows what looks like a pretty strong linear relationship between 2 variables, with a regression explained variance of 82% (correlation coefficient of 0.91).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

But because there are so few data points, there is large statistical uncertainty in the resulting diagnosed regression slope (21% uncertainty), as well as the regression intercept (which is diagnosed as 0.0, but with an uncertainty of +\/- 0.94).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now let\u2019s look at the third data plot from my previous blog post<\/a>, which demonstrated that there is UHI warming in not only the raw GHCN data, but in the homogenized data as well:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Importantly, even though the regression explained variances are rather low (17.5% for the raw data, 7.6% for the adjusted data), the confidence in the regression slopes is quite high (+\/-5% for the raw GHCN regressions, and +\/-10% for the homogenized GHCN regressions). Confidence is also high in the regression intercepts (+\/-0.002 C\/decade for the raw GHCN data, +\/-0.003 C\/decade for the homogenized GHCN data).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compare these to the first plot above containing very few data points, which had a very high explained variance (82%) but a rather uncertain regression slope (+\/- 21%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The points I was making in my previous blog post depended upon both the regression slopes<\/strong><\/em> and the regression intercepts<\/em><\/strong>. The positive slopes demonstrated that the greater the population growth at GHCN stations, the greater the warming trend\u2026 not only in the raw data, but in the homogenized data as well. The regression intercepts of zero indicated that the data, taken as a whole, suggested zero warming trend (1895-2023) if the stations had not experienced population growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it must be emphasized that these are all-station averages for the U.S., not area averages. It is \u201cpossible\u201d that there has (by chance) actually been more climate warming at the locations where there has been more population growth. So it would be premature to claim there has been no warming trend in the U.S. after taking into account spurious UHI warming effects. I also showed that there has been warming if we look at more recent data (1961-2023)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the main point of this post is to demonstrate that low correlations between two dataset variables do not necessarily mean low confidence in regression slopes (and intercepts). The confidence intervals also depend upon how much data are contained in the dataset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In a recent post I used our new Urban Heat Island (UHI) warming estimates at individual U.S. GHCN stations having at least 120 years of data to demonstrate that the homogenized (adjusted) GHCN data still contain substantial UHI effects. Therefore, spurious warming from UHI effects is inflating reported U.S. warming trends.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":349398,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691824283,691831169,691824284,691821156],"class_list":{"0":"post-349393","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-ghcn-data","9":"tag-u-s-ghcn-stations","10":"tag-uhi-warming","11":"tag-urban-heat-island-uhi","13":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0urbanheatisland.jpg?fit=1640%2C885&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1sTn","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":348954,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=348954","url_meta":{"origin":349393,"position":0},"title":"Urban Heat Island Effects Have Not Yet Been Removed from Official GHCN Warming Trends","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"26\/10\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Our paper (co-authored by John Christy and Danny Braswell) on computing the urban heat island (UHI) effect as a function of population density (PD) is now in the final stages of review after a 3rd round of edits, and I\u2019m hopeful it will be accepted for publication soon.","rel":"","context":"In \"GHCN Warming Trends\"","block_context":{"text":"GHCN Warming Trends","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=ghcn-warming-trends"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0Screenshot-2024-10-26-083344.png?fit=1200%2C851&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0Screenshot-2024-10-26-083344.png?fit=1200%2C851&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0Screenshot-2024-10-26-083344.png?fit=1200%2C851&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0Screenshot-2024-10-26-083344.png?fit=1200%2C851&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/0Screenshot-2024-10-26-083344.png?fit=1200%2C851&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":280654,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=280654","url_meta":{"origin":349393,"position":1},"title":"Summer warming 1895-2023 in U.S. cities exaggerated by 100% from the urban heat island effect","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"27\/09\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"We are now getting close to finalizing our methodology for computing the urban heat island (UHI) effect as a function of population density, and will be submitting our first paper for publication in the next few weeks. I\u2019ve settled on using the CONUS (Lower 48) U.S. region as a demonstration\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"1895-2023\"","block_context":{"text":"1895-2023","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1895-2023"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/01895-2023-CONUS-JJA-time-series-for-blog-post.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/01895-2023-CONUS-JJA-time-series-for-blog-post.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/01895-2023-CONUS-JJA-time-series-for-blog-post.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/01895-2023-CONUS-JJA-time-series-for-blog-post.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/01895-2023-CONUS-JJA-time-series-for-blog-post.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":378577,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=378577","url_meta":{"origin":349393,"position":2},"title":"Our Urban Heat Island Paper Has Been Published","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"16\/05\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"It took the better part of two years to satisfy the reviewers, but finally our paper\u00a0Urban Heat Island Effects in U.S. Summer Surface Temperature Data, 1895\u20132023\u00a0has been published in the AMS\u00a0Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.","rel":"","context":"In \"GHCN stations\"","block_context":{"text":"GHCN stations","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=ghcn-stations"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/00glo-urban-heat-island-effect.webp?fit=1200%2C690&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/00glo-urban-heat-island-effect.webp?fit=1200%2C690&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/00glo-urban-heat-island-effect.webp?fit=1200%2C690&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/00glo-urban-heat-island-effect.webp?fit=1200%2C690&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/00glo-urban-heat-island-effect.webp?fit=1200%2C690&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":287175,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=287175","url_meta":{"origin":349393,"position":3},"title":"Examples from our New UAH Urban Heat Island Dataset","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/11\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Over 50% of the population now lives in urban areas, and that fraction is supposed to approach 70% by 2045. 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It should be remembered that everything I post on this subject is (as is usually the case) a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"GHCN station temperatures\"","block_context":{"text":"GHCN station temperatures","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=ghcn-station-temperatures"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/03_urbanheatisland.webp?fit=1024%2C552&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/03_urbanheatisland.webp?fit=1024%2C552&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/03_urbanheatisland.webp?fit=1024%2C552&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/03_urbanheatisland.webp?fit=1024%2C552&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":255618,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=255618","url_meta":{"origin":349393,"position":5},"title":"Urbanization Effects on GHCN Temperature Trends, Part V: Tmin Warming at U.S. vs. non-U.S. Stations","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/05\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The urban heat island (UHI) effects on Tmin averaged 3.5 times as large as on Tmax, an unsurprising result and qualitatively consistent with previous studies.","rel":"","context":"In \"urban heat island effect\"","block_context":{"text":"urban heat island effect","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=urban-heat-island-effect"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00urbanheatisland.jpg?fit=1200%2C648&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00urbanheatisland.jpg?fit=1200%2C648&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00urbanheatisland.jpg?fit=1200%2C648&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00urbanheatisland.jpg?fit=1200%2C648&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00urbanheatisland.jpg?fit=1200%2C648&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/349393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=349393"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/349393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":349399,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/349393\/revisions\/349399"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/349398"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=349393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=349393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=349393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}