{"id":324564,"date":"2024-04-29T09:10:56","date_gmt":"2024-04-29T07:10:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=324564"},"modified":"2024-04-29T09:10:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T07:10:59","slug":"claim-global-warming-is-spreading-malaria-and-dengue-to-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=324564","title":{"rendered":"Claim: Global Warming is Spreading Malaria and Dengue to Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Essay by Eric Worrall<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Famous British playwright William Shakespeare<\/a> wrote about endemic Malaria in Britain in the 1500s. Malaria was the scourge of Scandinavia and Russia right up until the 20th century<\/a>. But this has not stopped greens falsely claiming Malaria is a disease of warm climates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mosquito-borne diseases spreading in Europe due to climate crisis, says expert<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Illnesses such as dengue and malaria to reach unaffected parts of northern Europe, America, Asia and Australia, conference to hear<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Helena Horton<\/a> Environment reporter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thu 25 Apr 2024 14.00 AEST<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mosquito-borne diseases are spreading across the globe, and particularly in Europe<\/a>, due to climate breakdown, an expert has said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The insects spread illnesses such as malaria and dengue fever, the prevalences of which have hugely increased over the past 80 years as global heating has given them the warmer, more humid conditions they thrive in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof Rachel Lowe who leads the global health resilience group at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center in Spain, has warned that mosquito-borne disease outbreaks are set to spread across currently unaffected parts of northern Europe, Asia, North America and Australia over the next few decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGlobal warming due to climate change means that the disease vectors that carry and spread malaria and dengue [fever] can find a home in more regions, with outbreaks occurring in areas where people are likely to be immunologically naive and public health systems unprepared,\u201d Lowe said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe stark reality is that longer hot seasons will enlarge the seasonal window for the spread of mosquito-borne diseases and favour increasingly frequent outbreaks that are increasingly complex to deal with.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Read more: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2024\/apr\/25\/mosquito-borne-diseases-spreading-in-europe-due-to-climate-crisis-says-expert<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Studying Shakespeare is, or was until recently, a staple of British education. So why do people swallow the mistruth that Malaria is a tropical disease? Why doesn\u2019t everyone know about Shakespeare\u2019s references to Malaria?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reason is back in Shakespeare\u2019s day, they called Malaria something else. Shakespeare\u2019s 16th century word for fevers like Malaria and Dengue was \u201cAgue<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Open Source Shakespeare<\/a>;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/td>Henry IV, Part I<\/strong><\/a>
[III, 1<\/a>]<\/td>		Hotspur (Henry Percy)<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1611<\/a><\/td>Home without boots, and in foul weather too!
How \u2018scapes he agues<\/strong>, in the devil\u2019s name?<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>Henry IV, Part I<\/strong><\/a>
[IV, 1<\/a>]<\/td>		Hotspur (Henry Percy)<\/strong><\/a><\/td>2337<\/a><\/td>No more, no more: worse than the sun in March,
This praise doth nourish agues<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>Henry VIII<\/strong><\/a>
[I, 1<\/a>]<\/td>		Duke of Buckingham<\/strong><\/a><\/td>40<\/a><\/td>An untimely ague<\/strong>
Stay\u2019d me a prisoner in my chamber when
Those suns of glory, those two lights of men,
Met in the vale of Andren.<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>Julius Caesar<\/strong><\/a>
[II, 2<\/a>]<\/td>		Caesar<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1093<\/a><\/td>As that same ague<\/strong> which hath made you lean.
What is \u2018t o\u2019clock?<\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>King John<\/strong><\/a>
[III, 4<\/a>]<\/td>		Constance<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1455<\/a><\/td>As dim and meagre as an ague<\/strong>\u2018s fit,
And so he\u2019ll die; and, rising so again,
When I shall meet him in the court of heaven
I shall not know him: therefore never, never
Must I behold my pretty Arthur more.<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>King Lear<\/strong><\/a>
[IV, 6<\/a>]<\/td>		Lear<\/strong><\/a><\/td>2706<\/a><\/td>\u2018Tis a lie- I am not ague<\/strong>-proof.<\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>Macbeth<\/strong><\/a>
[V, 5<\/a>]<\/td>		Macbeth<\/strong><\/a><\/td>2353<\/a><\/td>Hang out our banners on the outward walls;
The cry is still \u2018They come:\u2019 our castle\u2019s strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn: here let them lie
Till famine and the ague<\/strong> eat them up:
Were they not forced with those that should be ours,
We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
And beat them backward home.
[A cry of women within]<\/em>
What is that noise?<\/td><\/tr>
8<\/td>Merchant of Venice<\/strong><\/a>
[I, 1<\/a>]<\/td>		Salarino<\/strong><\/a><\/td>24<\/a><\/td>My wind cooling my broth
Would blow me to an ague<\/strong>, when I thought
What harm a wind too great at sea might do.<\/td><\/tr>
9<\/td>Richard II<\/strong><\/a>
[II, 1<\/a>]<\/td>		King Richard II<\/strong><\/a><\/td>799<\/a><\/td>Presuming on an ague<\/strong>\u2018s privilege,
Darest with thy frozen admonition
Make pale our cheek, chasing the royal blood
With fury from his native residence.
Now, by my seat\u2019s right royal majesty,
Wert thou not brother to great Edward\u2019s son,
This tongue that runs so roundly in thy head
Should run thy head from thy unreverent shoulders.<\/td><\/tr>
10<\/td>Richard II<\/strong><\/a>
[III, 2<\/a>]<\/td>		King Richard II<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1598<\/a><\/td>This ague<\/strong> fit of fear is over-blown;<\/td><\/tr>
11<\/td>Tempest<\/strong><\/a>
[II, 2<\/a>]<\/td>		Stephano<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1156<\/a><\/td>This is some monster of the isle with four legs, who hath got, as I take it, an ague<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>
12<\/td>Tempest<\/strong><\/a>
[II, 2<\/a>]<\/td>		Stephano<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1178<\/a><\/td>If all the wine in my bottle will
recover him, I will help his ague<\/strong>. Come. Amen! I
will pour some in thy other mouth.<\/td><\/tr>
13<\/td>Tempest<\/strong><\/a>
[II, 2<\/a>]<\/td>		Stephano<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1221<\/a><\/td>how does thine ague<\/strong>?<\/td><\/tr>
14<\/td>Timon of Athens<\/strong><\/a>
[IV, 3<\/a>]<\/td>		Timon<\/strong><\/a><\/td>1815<\/a><\/td>Enough to make a whore forswear her trade,
And to make whores, a bawd. Hold up, you sluts,
Your aprons mountant: you are not oathable,
Although, I know, you \u2018ll swear, terribly swear
Into strong shudders and to heavenly agues<\/strong>
The immortal gods that hear you,\u2014spare your oaths, \u2026<\/td><\/tr>
15<\/td>Troilus and Cressida<\/strong><\/a>
[III, 3<\/a>]<\/td>		Patroclus<\/strong><\/a><\/td>2111<\/a><\/td>O, then, beware;
Those wounds heal ill that men do give themselves:
Omission to do what is necessary
Seals a commission to a blank of danger;
And danger, like an ague<\/strong>, subtly taints
Even then when we sit idly in the sun.<\/td><\/tr>
16<\/td>Venus and Adonis<\/strong><\/a><\/td>Shakespeare<\/strong><\/a><\/td>761<\/a><\/td>\u2018As burning fevers, agues<\/strong> pale and faint,
Life-poisoning pestilence and frenzies wood,
The marrow-eating sickness, whose attaint
Disorder breeds by heating of the blood:
Surfeits, imposthumes, grief, and damn\u2019d despair,
Swear nature\u2019s death for framing thee so fair.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sixteen references in Shakespeare\u2019s plays \u2013 Ague was an important factor in people\u2019s lives in Britain in the 1500s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ague was a changer of battles, a metaphor for fear or a sign of divine punishment, a disease which caused a burning fever with shaking, pale skin (anaemia) and weight loss, a disease whose worst phases left people bedridden, a disease which was stronger during Spring, when mosquitoes become active: \u201cthe sun in March, This praise doth nourish agues<\/strong><\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ague was Malaria.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The point is Malaria infection was prevalent enough to be referenced sixteen times by Shakespeare, during the Little Ice Age<\/a>, during the period frost fairs were held on the River Thames<\/a>, which froze solid enough in winter for people to walk around on the ice. Malaria is not a tropical disease.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The American CDC also provides evidence that tropical weather is not the main driver of Malaria;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Reiter<\/a>
Author affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Present global temperatures are in a warming phase that began 200 to 300 years ago. Some climate models suggest that human activities may have exacerbated this phase by raising the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Discussions of the potential effects of the weather include predictions that malaria will emerge from the tropics and become established in Europe and North America. The complex ecology and transmission dynamics of the disease, as well as accounts of its early history, refute such predictions. Until the second half of the 20th century, malaria was endemic and widespread in many temperate regions, with major epidemics as far north as the Arctic Circle. From 1564 to the 1730s\u2014the coldest period of the Little Ice Age\u2014malaria was an important cause of illness and death in several parts of England.<\/strong> Transmission began to decline only in the 19th century, when the present warming trend was well under way. The history of the disease in England underscores the role of factors other than temperature in malaria transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Read more: https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/6\/1\/00-0101_article<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Why is Malaria, or Ague, re-emerging in Europe?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nobody knows for sure why Ague went away. Several factors such as widespread draining of swamps and more understanding of how to control mosquitoes helped. Even a shift to smaller households likely contributed<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One factor which could be driving the re-emergence of Ague in Europe and North America is the mass importation of people who are infected with Malaria.<\/strong> I\u2019m not making any comment on the moral rights or wrongs of Europe and the USA\u2019s generous asylum policies, but importing people who carry Malaria, without rigorous vetting and medical management of their condition, is a major public health risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mosquitoes which can carry Malaria are very much still a presence in Europe, Britain and the United States<\/a>, especially given green efforts over the last few years to eradicate the use<\/a> of effective pesticides<\/a> and to preserve or restore wetlands<\/a> instead of draining the swamp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Increase in imported malaria in the Netherlands in asylum seekers and VFR travellers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n