{"id":311158,"date":"2024-03-21T20:57:33","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T19:57:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=311158"},"modified":"2024-03-21T20:57:36","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T19:57:36","slug":"humans-add-little-to-rising-co2-march-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=311158","title":{"rendered":"Humans Add Little to Rising CO2 March\u00a02024"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Science Matters <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By\u00a0Ron Clutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 16. Model reproduction of the monthly observations of evolution of \u03b413C at Barrow: (upper) without update of initial conditions and (lower) with update of initial conditions in each step by the \u03b413C observations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

While numerous studies support the title conclusion, the most recent and thorough analysis comes in the paper Net Isotopic Signature of Atmospheric CO2 Sources and Sinks: No Change since the Little Ice Age  <\/strong><\/a>by Demetris Koutsoyiannis.  Excerpts in italics with my bolds and added images. H\/T notrickszone<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Recent studies have provided evidence<\/strong>, based on analyses of instrumental measurements of the last seven decades, for a unidirectional, potentially causal link between temperature as the cause and carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) as the effect.<\/strong> In the most recent study, this finding was supported by analysing the carbon cycle and showing that the natural [CO2] changes due to temperature rise are far larger (by a factor > 3) than human emissions<\/strong>, while the latter are no larger than 4% of the total. Here, we provide additional support<\/strong> for these findings by examining the signatures of the stable carbon isotopes, 12 and 13.<\/strong> Examining isotopic data in four important observation sites, we show that the standard metric \u03b413C is consistent with an input isotopic signature that is stable over the entire period of observations (>40 years), i.e., not affected by increases in human CO2 emissions<\/strong>. In addition, proxy data covering the period after 1500 AD also show stable behaviour.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

These findings confirm the major role of the biosphere in the carbon cycle
and a non-discernible signature of humans.<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

In recent years, a decrease in atmospheric \u03b413<\/sup>C has been observed,<\/strong> which is often termed the Suess Effect<\/strong> after Suess (1955) [11<\/a>], who published the first observations on this phenomenon on trees, albeit using 14<\/sup>C data. He attributed the decrease to human activities<\/strong>, stating:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

The decrease [in the specific 14<\/sup>C activity of wood at time of growth during the past 50 years] can be attributed to<\/strong> the introduction of a certain amount of C14<\/sup>-free CO2<\/sub> into the atmosphere by artificial coal and oil combustion<\/strong> and to the rate of isotopic exchange between atmospheric CO2<\/sub> and the bicarbonate dissolved in the oceans.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

There is\u00a0no question that \u03b413<\/sup>C has been decreasing and that human emissions have been increasing<\/strong>\u00a0since the Industrial Revolution (Figure 2<\/a>). Also, as seen in\u00a0Figure 1<\/a>, the combustion of fossil fuels can have an effect on reducing \u03b413<\/sup>C, as they are relatively depleted in\u00a013<\/sup>C. This was the line of thought behind Suess [11<\/a>] (even though the above quotation refers to\u00a014<\/sup>C) and has become a common conviction thereafter.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 2. (left) Compiled data set of annual mean, global mean values for \u03b413C in atmospheric CO2, from Graven et al. [12], reconstructed after digitisation of Figure 3 of Graven et al. [8]; and (right) evolution of global human carbon emissions [13,14], after conversion from CO2 to C (dividing by 3.67).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

For example, Andres et al<\/strong>. [15,16] stated:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The carbon isotopic (\u03b413C, PDB) signature of fossil fuel emissions<\/strong> has decreased during the last century, reflecting the changing mix of fossil fuels produced.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, in their recent review paper, Graven et al.<\/strong> [8] noted:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the Industrial Revolution, the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 has undergone dramatic changes as a result of human activities and the response of the natural carbon cycle to them. The relative amount of atmospheric 14C and 13C in CO2 has decreased because of the addition of 14C- and 13C-depleted fossil carbon.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

These\u00a0generally accepted hypotheses<\/strong>, however, may reflect a dogmatic approach, or a postmodern ideological effect, i.e.,\u00a0to blame everything on human actions.<\/strong>\u00a0Hence, the\u00a0null hypothesis that all observed changes are (mostly) natural has not seriously been investigated<\/strong>. However, there are good reasons for this investigation. It is a fact that the\u00a0biosphere has become more productive and expanded<\/strong>\u00a0[5,17,18,19], resulting in natural amplification of the carbon cycle due to increased temperature. This fact\u00a0may have been a primary factor for the decrease in the isotopic signature \u03b413C<\/strong>\u00a0in atmospheric CO2. Note that the emissions of the biosphere are much larger than fossil fuel emissions (where the latter are only 4% of the total) [5] and, as\u00a0seen in Figure 1, the biosphere\u2019s isotopic signature \u03b413C is much lower than the atmospheric<\/strong>\u00a0(see also Section 6).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 1. Typical ranges of isotopic signatures \u03b413C for each of the pools interacting with atmospheric CO2, and related exchange processes.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the biosphere\u2019s action, other natural factors<\/strong> also affect the input isotopic signature in the atmospheric CO2. These include volcano eruptions, among which, in the recent period, the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 is regarded as the most important, as well as the interannual variability related to El Ni\u00f1o\u2014Southern Oscillation (ENSO) [8].<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To investigate the null hypothesis<\/strong> and answer the two research questions posed above, we use modern instrumental and proxy data, as described in Section 2. We develop a theoretical framework in Section 3, which we apply to the data in a diagnostic mode in Section 4, and in a modelling mode in Section 5. The findings of these applications are further discussed in Section 6 and the conclusions are drawn in Section 7.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

With only two parameters, \u03b413CU and \u03b413CD<\/strong>, which represent the input isotopic signatures for the seasonal increasing and decreasing phases of [CO2], respectively, we are able to effectively model the isotopic signature \u03b413C of the atmosphere<\/strong> for the entire observation period. Of these parameters, \u03b413CD<\/strong>, reflecting the fractionation by photosynthesis<\/strong>, can be assumed as the same for the entire globe,<\/strong> while \u03b413CU varies<\/strong>, with smaller (more negative) values as we go north and higher (less negative) values as we go south.<\/strong> This spatial variation of \u03b413CU reflects the differences of the strength of seasonality<\/strong> in [CO2] and \u03b413C, which is at a maximum toward the North Pole and at a minimum at the South Pole.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The strong seasonality at high latitudes north<\/strong> is probably related to the processes in boreal vegetation, the dominance of snow and ice in winter<\/strong>, and the absence of photosynthesis during the 6-month night (note that Barrow, at a latitude of 71.3\u00b0 N, is more north than the Artic Circle at 66.6\u00b0 N). As we go south<\/strong>, some of these features cease to occur, and seasonality becomes less prominent, as photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire year, albeit with varying intensities<\/strong>. The minimal seasonality in the South Pole is probably related to the absence of vegetation due to the minimal appearance of land beyond a latitude of 43\u00b0 S (with the exception of the frozen continent of Antarctica and a relatively small wedge of land in South America). All these suggest the dominance of terrestrial biosphere processes in driving [CO2] and \u03b413C.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Considering the fact that, as seen in Figure 2 (above), the human carbon emissions per year have doubled<\/strong> in the observed time period, if these were a key factor, this would somehow be reflected in a trend in the seasonality. Therefore, no sign is discerned that would necessitate an attribution to the influence of fossil fuel emissions. In contrast, continuity suggests that the key processes in CO2 emissions are related to biosphere processes such as respiration and photosynthesis.<\/strong><\/em>
.<\/em>
Despite differences in seasonality, the over-annual input isotopic signature \u03b413CI remains almost the same globally<\/strong>, as seen in Table 4, which summarizes the results of all analyses, diagnostic and modelling, suggesting similar values, irrespective of the method used. This is not difficult to explain as, in the long run, CO2 is well mixed in the atmosphere; thus regional differences in seasonal \u03b413CI tend to disappear.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In both the diagnostic and the modelling phases of this paper,\u00a0the inclusion of human emissions proved unnecessary<\/strong>. This may contrast with common opinion, which blames all changes on humans, but is absolutely\u00a0reasonable, as humans are responsible for only 4% of carbon emissions<\/strong>. In addition, the\u00a0vast majority of changes<\/strong>\u00a0in the atmosphere\u00a0since 1750 are due to natural processes<\/strong>, respiration and photosynthesis, as articulated in the recent study by Koutsoyiannis et al. [5<\/a>] and schematically depicted in\u00a0Figure 22, reproduced from that study.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 22. Annual carbon balance in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, in Gt C\/year, based on the IPCC estimates (Figure 5.12 of [30]). The balance of 5.1 Gt C\/year is the annual accumulation of carbon (in the form of CO2) in the atmosphere (reproduced from [5].).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The following observations can be noted in Figure 22<\/strong>: (a) the terrestrial biosphere processes are much stronger than the maritime ones in terms of both production and absorption of CO2<\/sub>; (b) the CO2<\/sub> emissions by even the ocean biosphere are much larger than human emissions; and (c) the modern<\/strong> (post 1750) CO2<\/sub> additions to pre-industrial quantities (red bars<\/strong> in the right-hand part of the graph, corresponding to positive values) exceed the human emissions by a factor of ~4.5<\/strong>. These observations provide explanations for the findings of this study.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, it is relevant to note the minor role of CO2<\/sub> in the greenhouse effect.<\/strong> As shown in a recent study by Koutsoyiannis and Vournas, despite the increase in [CO2<\/sub>] by more than 30% in a century-long period, the strength of the greenhouse effect has not changed<\/strong> in a manner discernible in the radiation data. The greenhouse effect is dominated by<\/strong> the presence of water vapour<\/strong> in the atmosphere, rather than CO2<\/sub>. That study is Revisiting the greenhouse effect \u2013 a hydrological perspective<\/strong><\/a> in Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2023.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

The results of the analyses in this paper provide negative answers to the research questions<\/strong> posed in the Introduction. Specifically:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2666  From modern instrumental carbon isotopic data of the last 40 years, no signs of human (fossil fuel) CO2 emissions<\/strong> can be discerned;<\/em>
\u2666  Proxy data since the Little Ice Age<\/strong> suggest<\/strong> that the modern period<\/strong> of instrumental data does not differ,<\/strong> in terms of the net isotopic signature of atmospheric CO2 sources and sinks, from earlier centuries.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Combined with earlier studies, namely [2,3,4,5,31], these findings allow for the following line of thought to be formulated, which contrasts the dominant climate narrative<\/strong>, on the basis that different lines of thought are beneficial for the progress of science, even though they are not welcomed by those with political agendas promoting the narratives (whose representatives declare that they \u201cown the science\u201d, as can be seen in the motto in the beginning of the paper).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. In the 16th century, Earth entered a cool climatic period, known as the\u00a0Little Ice Age<\/strong>, which ended at the beginning of the 19th century;<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Immediately after, a\u00a0warming period<\/strong>\u00a0began, which has\u00a0lasted until now<\/strong>. The\u00a0causes<\/strong>\u00a0of the warming must be analogous to those that resulted in the Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD, the Roman Climate Optimum around the first centuries BC and AD, the Minoan Climate Optimum at around 1500 BC, and other warming periods throughout the Holocene<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u00a0As a result of the recent warming, and as explained in [5], the\u00a0biosphere has expanded and become more productive, leading to increased CO2 concentration<\/strong>\u00a0in the atmosphere and greening of the Earth [17,18,19,32];<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. As a result of the increased CO2 concentration<\/strong>, the isotopic signature\u00a0\u03b413C in the atmosphere has decreased;<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. The greenhouse effect on the Earth remained stable in the last century, as it is dominated by the water vapour in the atmosphere<\/strong>\u00a0[31];<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Human CO2 emissions have played a minor role<\/strong>\u00a0in the recent climatic evolution, which is\u00a0hardly discernible in observational data<\/strong>\u00a0and unnecessary to invoke in modelling the observed behaviours, including the change in the isotopic signature \u03b413C in the atmosphere.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Overall, the findings in this paper confirm the major role of the biosphere
    in the carbon cycle (and through this in climate)
    and a non-discernible signature of humans.<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    One may associate the findings of the paper with several questions related to international policies:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2666  Do these results refute the hypothesis that CO2 emissions contribute to global warming through the greenhouse effect?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2666  Do these findings, by suggesting a minimal human impact on the isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon, contradict the need to reduce CO2 emissions?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2666  Are human carbon emissions independent from other forms of pollution, such as emissions of fine particles and nitrogen oxides, which can have harmful effects on human health and the environment?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    These questions are not posed at all in the paper and certainly are not studied in it.<\/strong> Therefore, they cannot be answered on a scientific basis within the paper\u2019s confined scope but require further research. The reader may feel free to study such questions and provide sensible replies. It is relevant to note that a reviewer implied these questions and suggested negative replies to each of them.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Overall, the findings in this paper confirm the major role of the biosphere in the carbon cycle (and through this in climate) and a non-discernible signature of humans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":311168,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691819835,691818076,691827749,691827750,691827661],"class_list":{"0":"post-311158","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-carbon-cycle","9":"tag-co2","10":"tag-fossil-fuel-emissions","11":"tag-isotopic-signatures","12":"tag-march-2024","14":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0-carbon-cycle.png?fit=2000%2C1544&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1iWG","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":310414,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=310414","url_meta":{"origin":311158,"position":0},"title":"The 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In the informative\u00a0Climate: The Movie, the 2022 Nobel physics laureate Dr. John Clauser thundered: \u201cI assert there is no connection whatsoever between climate change and CO2\u00a0\u2013 it\u2019s all a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"climate alarmism\"","block_context":{"text":"climate alarmism","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-alarmism"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Screenshot-2024-04-08-at-00.35.09.jpeg?fit=1200%2C612&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Screenshot-2024-04-08-at-00.35.09.jpeg?fit=1200%2C612&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Screenshot-2024-04-08-at-00.35.09.jpeg?fit=1200%2C612&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Screenshot-2024-04-08-at-00.35.09.jpeg?fit=1200%2C612&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/0Screenshot-2024-04-08-at-00.35.09.jpeg?fit=1200%2C612&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":338503,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=338503","url_meta":{"origin":311158,"position":3},"title":"Repeal of Washington State\u2019s Climate Commitment Act won\u2019t hurt the climate","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/08\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cThe Climate Commitment Act will have a negligible effect on the climate, but if not repealed, it will continue to significantly raise fuel, food, and utility prices in Washington State.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO2)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO2)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0Washington-Mount-Rainier.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0Washington-Mount-Rainier.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0Washington-Mount-Rainier.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0Washington-Mount-Rainier.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0Washington-Mount-Rainier.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":338193,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=338193","url_meta":{"origin":311158,"position":4},"title":"No Gov. Inslee, Repeal of Washington State\u2019s Climate Law Won\u2019t Hurt the Climate","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/08\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Washington State\u2019s Climate Commitment Act (CCA) faces the possibility of repeal this fall. Governor Jay Inslee and others claim the CCA will reduce pollution and help stop climate change. But the CCA isn\u2019t having the slightest effect on the climate, while boosting the cost of living for Washington residents.","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO2)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO2)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/05162562_030119-cc-ap-jay-inslee-img.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/05162562_030119-cc-ap-jay-inslee-img.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/05162562_030119-cc-ap-jay-inslee-img.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/05162562_030119-cc-ap-jay-inslee-img.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/05162562_030119-cc-ap-jay-inslee-img.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":385202,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=385202","url_meta":{"origin":311158,"position":5},"title":"Under-Reported \u201cOld\u201d Carbon is Not the Source of Increases in Atmospheric CO2","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"26\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"A\u00a0recent paper\u00a0published in the Journal Nature by Dean et al. provides an interesting and compelling argument that a significant source of atmospheric CO2\u00a0has been underestimated by carbon budget models. The study,\u00a0Old carbon routed from land to the atmosphere by global river systems\u00a0looks at the origin of the CO2\u00a0released by river\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Atmospheric CO2\"","block_context":{"text":"Atmospheric CO2","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=atmospheric-co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C825&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=311158"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311169,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311158\/revisions\/311169"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/311168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=311158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=311158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=311158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}