{"id":305607,"date":"2024-03-02T22:08:42","date_gmt":"2024-03-02T21:08:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=305607"},"modified":"2024-03-02T22:08:45","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T21:08:45","slug":"climate-model-bias-2-modeling-greenhouse-gases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=305607","title":{"rendered":"Climate Model Bias 2: Modeling Greenhouse Gases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Andy May<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the late 19th<\/sup> century, with the work by Svante Arrhenius, climate models have been used to estimate the amount of global warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions.[1]<\/a><\/sup> Due to the complexity of Earth\u2019s weather and climate, the connection between climate change\/global warming and greenhouse gases cannot be observed or measured, it can only be estimated with a model. Arrhenius constructed the first such model and speculated that temperature changed linearly with the logarithm of the CO2<\/sub> concentration, specifically he estimated that as CO2<\/sub> doubled in the atmosphere, surface temperature should increase 4\u00b0C.[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In part 1<\/a> of this series, I proposed a definition of a scientific model and described the types of models used by the IPCC in their various reports. We saw that as George Box famously said, \u201cAll models are wrong.\u201d[3]<\/a><\/sup> He also said that all models reach a point where they cannot be improved, a point where (paraphrasing) attempts to refine them or make them more accurate amount to self-flagellation. We also saw that there are many examples where the sixth generation CMIP models fail to predict climate accurately. If you can\u2019t get it right after six tries, you might have entered the realm of self-flagellation. Finally, part 1<\/a> lists the most common types of bias in the CMIP climate models and the IPCC reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arrhenius\u2019 estimate of the climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO2<\/sub> of 4\u00b0C, falls within the IPCC AR6 estimate of the likely range of this value, which they abbreviate as \u201cECS\u201d or the equilibrium climate sensitivity. The AR6 range is 2.5 to 4\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub>.[4]<\/a><\/sup> Thus according to the IPCC, Arrhenius\u2019 estimate over 100 years ago is possibly still valid. Arrhenius concludes that the changes due to burning fossil fuels are a good thing, and writes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cBy the influence of the increasing percentage of carbonic acid [CO2<\/sub>] in the atmosphere, we may hope to enjoy ages with more equable and better climates, especially as regards the colder regions of the earth, ages when the earth will bring forth much more abundant crops than at present, for the benefit of rapidly propagating mankind.\u201d[5]<\/a><\/sup>Arrhenius, 1908, page 63.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Arrhenius\u2019 model was based upon laboratory measurements of the \u201cpermeability to heat\u201d[6]<\/a><\/sup> of CO2<\/sub> and water vapor. He tells us that the sources of additional CO2<\/sub> are volcanos or human fossil fuel consumption and the main sinks for CO2<\/sub> are the ocean, the weathering of rocks by carbonic acid, and growing plants.[7]<\/a><\/sup> Plants are more abundant and robust when the atmospheric CO2<\/sub> concentration is high and less so when it is lower. He notes that all CO2<\/sub> sinks increase in strength as the CO2<\/sub> concentration increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arrhenius\u2019 conclusions were mostly accepted as the world warmed from 1908 to 1945, but when the world cooled from 1945 to 1976, while CO2<\/sub> was still increasing, the hypothesis fell into disrepute. The pattern of global average surface temperature change, often used as the primary metric of \u201cclimate change\u201d is illustrated in figure 1 using the HadCRUT4<\/a> global surface temperature anomaly dataset.[8]<\/a><\/sup> His ideas gained favor again after 1976 when the world began to warm again. The instrumental temperature record reveals that while CO2<\/sub> concentration may have some influence on climate, as the Arrhenius and IPCC climate models attempt to show, it cannot be the entire story. It is instructive that both Arrhenius and the IPCC assume, in their models, that solar variability plays no role in recent warming and cooling. Both assume that volcanos do play a role, Arrhenius thought volcanos put more CO2<\/sub> into the air and caused warming[9]<\/a><\/sup> and the IPCC assumes that volcanic aerosol emissions reflect more sunlight and have a cooling influence.[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In AR6, they feed recent observations of CO2<\/sub> and temperature, paleoclimate CO2<\/sub> and temperature proxies from the geological record, and modeled constraints on climate sensitivity into a subjective<\/em> statistical model to compute a likely ECS range of 2.5 to 4\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub>.[11]<\/a><\/sup> This is a change from previous reports where general circulation climate models were used to compute the ECS. As they write in AR6:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201c\u2026 despite decades of model development, increases in model resolution, and advances in parametrization schemes, there has been no systematic convergence in model estimates of ECS. In fact, the overall inter-model spread in ECS for CMIP6 is larger than for CMIP5; \u2026\u201d[12]<\/a><\/sup>AR6, WGI, page 1008.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

While reading this quote from AR6, we need to remember Box\u2019s cautions about \u201coverelaboration and overparameterization.\u201d It is also worrying that even after refining the IPCC\/CMIP models for over 30 years, the spread in model results is not converging, it is increasing. This is a sign that the model premises[13]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and\/or design are flawed. It is also a clue that the conceptual IPCC model that human activities are controlling climate change,[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0has reached the end of its useful life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 1. The HadCRUT4 average global surface temperature anomaly from 1850 to 2020. Source: (Morice, Kennedy, Rayner, & Jones, 2012) and the HadCRUT4 website.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The likely lower limit of 2.5\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub> was raised from the AR5 lower limit of 1.5\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub>.[15]<\/a><\/sup> However, their subjective statistical model is flawed and internally inconsistent with the confidence intervals of each input variable. When Nic Lewis redid their work using an objective<\/em> statistical model, with improved and more recent data, he produced an ECS range of 1.75-2.7\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub> (5-95%ile).[16]<\/a><\/sup> Like the IPCC, Lewis assumes that increasing CO2<\/sub> has caused nearly all the warming since the 19th<\/sup> century. If that assumption is incorrect and there was some natural warming due to the Modern Solar Maximum[17]<\/a><\/sup> then even Lewis\u2019 calculated ECS values are too high and are maximum<\/a>, not likely values.[18]<\/a><\/sup> A large body of evidence<\/a> for an ECS less than 2\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub> exists,[19]<\/a><\/sup> which supports Lewis\u2019 view that the AR6 subjectively<\/em> modeled ECS is biased high.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AR6 does mention that observation-based studies exist that produce estimates of ECS below 2\u00b0C\/2xCO2<\/sub> but dismisses them because they believe that the feedback to increasing CO2<\/sub> and warming increases with warming.[20]<\/a><\/sup> This concept of climate feedback changing as the world warms to increase the warming rate is a perfect example of Box\u2019s \u201coverelaboration.\u201d They write that since observation-based estimates assume that the net feedback remains constant over the period being studied (usually 1870 to 2020), the estimates are incorrect. All the authors of the Clintel AR6 assessment dispute the idea that CO2<\/sub> warming feedback changed significantly from 1870 to 2020.[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When a favored model, such as the IPCC model that CO2<\/sub> is the \u201ccontrol knob<\/em>\u201d[22]<\/a><\/sup> for climate reaches its end, it is common to reach for any idea that can save it from extinction (overelaboration). However, the idea that CO2<\/sub>-caused warming feedback changes radically over geologically short periods of 150 years is a very desperate reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laboratory measurements show that infrared active gases, like CO2<\/sub>, water vapor, and some hydrocarbon gases selectively absorb some of the infrared radiation emitted by Earth\u2019s surface.[23]<\/a><\/sup> When they do this, the gas molecules become excited and vibrate faster for periods of a few milliseconds to a few tenths of a second and in this excited state, they collide more often with the gas molecules around them, warming them.[24]<\/a><\/sup> Then they emit the remainder of the radiation they absorbed. In the denser and more humid atmosphere near Earth\u2019s surface, this has a warming effect because almost all the emitted surface radiation joins the neighborhood thermal energy pool.[25]<\/a><\/sup> The higher in the atmosphere the surface radiation is absorbed, the less energy is retained in the immediate neighborhood and the more energy is emitted by the greenhouse gases as radiation, some of which goes to outer space and escapes Earth\u2019s climate system. The altitude where more of the radiation goes to space than to the surrounding air or back to the surface is traditionally called the \u201ctop of the atmosphere\u201d or TOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In this part we examined the IPCC \u201cconceptual model\u201d or hypothesis that attributes modern warming to human influence through our land use and greenhouse gas emissions,[26]<\/a><\/sup> and the idea\u2019s 100-year plus history. While adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere probably causes some warming there are numerous studies that suggest some of the warming is natural and unrelated to human activities. The proportion of the warming that is due to human activities is unknown, but as we have seen in this post, it is very unlikely to be either zero or 100%, it falls in the middle somewhere, and may be small.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern general circulation climate models (called \u201cEarth System Models\u201d or \u201cESMs\u201d in AR6) are all based upon the idea that most or all the warming in the past 150-170 years is due to human activities, with minimal impact from volcanism or solar activity changes. However, the models do not match observations in numerous critical areas.[27]<\/a><\/sup> As noted above, in some cases the CMIP6 models are worse than the previous generation CMIP5 models. Since these mismatches have persisted through six iterations of the models, it is reasonable to assume the flaw is in the assumptions, that it is in the hypothesis itself. In other words, it is likely the conceptual model should be scrapped, and a new one with different assumptions constructed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the next part we will examine the IPCC\/CMIP assumption that changes in solar activity over the past 170 years have been too small to make any difference in Earth\u2019s climate. In part 4 we will examine the assumption that changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation make no net difference in the climate over time, since all these changes supposedly do not change the total thermal energy (heat) stored in the climate system, they just move it around.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Download the bibliography <\/em>here<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n


  1. (Arrhenius S. , 1896)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  2. (Arrhenius S. , 1908, p. 53)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  3. (Box, 1976)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  4. We abbreviate the temperature increase due to a doubling of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0as \u201c2xCO2<\/sub>.\u201d The IPCC AR6 estimate can be found here: (IPCC, 2021, p. 926).\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  5. (Arrhenius S. , 1908, p. 63)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  6. (Arrhenius S. , 1908, p. 52)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  7. (Arrhenius S. , 1908, pp. 54-55)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  8. (Morice, Kennedy, Rayner, & Jones, 2012) and (Morice C. , 2017)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  9. (Arrhenius S. , 1908, p. 55)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  10. (IPCC, 2021, pp. 961-962)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  11. (IPCC, 2021, p. 926 & 1007), (Sherwood, et al., 2020), and (Lewis, 2023)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  12. (IPCC, 2021, p. 1008), AR5 is the fifth major WGI IPCC report: (IPCC, 2013). CMIP5 are the models used in AR5.\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  13. Model premises are all the assumptions and data used to build it.\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  14. \u201cTaken together with numerous formal attribution studies across an even broader range of indicators and theoretical understanding, this underpins the unequivocal attribution of observed warming of the atmosphere, ocean, and land to human influence.\u201d AR6 WG1 TS, page 63.\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  15. (IPCC, 2013, p. 81)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  16. (Lewis, 2023)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  17. The Modern Solar Maximum is from 1940 to 2000. See (Usoskin, Solanki, & Kovaltsov, 2007).\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  18. (May, The Mysterious AR6 ECS, Part 4, converting observations to ECS, 2023b) and (Crok & May, 2023, p. 103)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  19. (May, The Mysterious AR6 ECS, Part 3, What is Climate Sensitivity?, 2023)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  20. (IPCC, 2021, p. 996)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  21. (Crok & May, 2023, p. 104)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  22. (Lacis, Hansen, Russell, Oinas, & Jonas, 2013), (Lacis, Schmidt, Rind, & Ruedy, 2010), and (IPCC, 2021, p. 179)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  23. (Tyndall, 1861) and (Wijngaarden & Happer, 2020)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  24. (Pierrehumbert, 2011)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  25. (Wijngaarden & Happer, 2020) and (Pierrehumbert, 2011)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  26. AR6 WG1 TS, page 63\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n


  27. (McKitrick & Christy, A Test of the Tropical 200- to 300-hPa Warming Rate in Climate Models, Earth and Space Science, 2018), (McKitrick & Christy, 2020), (Lewis, 2023), (IPCC, 2021, p. 990)\u00a0    \u2191<\/a>
    <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Since the late 19th\u00a0century, with the work by Svante Arrhenius, climate models have been used to estimate the amount of global warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions.[1]\u00a0Due to the complexity of Earth\u2019s weather and climate, the connection between climate change\/global warming and greenhouse gases cannot be observed or measured, it can only be estimated with a model.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":305609,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Since the late 19th\u00a0century, with the work by Svante Arrhenius, climate models have been used to estimate the amount of global warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions.[1]\u00a0Due to the complexity of Earth\u2019s weather and climate, the connection between 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Years Later: The CO2 Greenhouse Effect Is Still Only an Imaginary-World Thought Experiment","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/31\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Modern climate science is constructed on a foundation of belief.","rel":"","context":"In \"1896 paper\"","block_context":{"text":"1896 paper","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1896-paper"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0AQPAdHYzdCWFZ9dtkRomEh2rf4RoKb34ZPa9WXfb2x-qYW58zLBa2yvlt3K54aud5teI9LOUqm_uj1jOiJTLaFTEO8QwInCASI7kLiqBUxMze2NoTPpYGLTG8p6tZVoP-1.jpeg?fit=1013%2C926&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0AQPAdHYzdCWFZ9dtkRomEh2rf4RoKb34ZPa9WXfb2x-qYW58zLBa2yvlt3K54aud5teI9LOUqm_uj1jOiJTLaFTEO8QwInCASI7kLiqBUxMze2NoTPpYGLTG8p6tZVoP-1.jpeg?fit=1013%2C926&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, 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Scare\u00a0Story","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"03\/16\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"No Met Office scare story would be complete without the mandatory demand for us to give up fossil fuels: \u201cHowever, these impacts could be mitigated through efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate models\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate models","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-models"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/00ocean-1867285_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/00ocean-1867285_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/00ocean-1867285_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, 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But the model output fails to match many critical observations and in some cases the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-42.png?fit=1200%2C872&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-42.png?fit=1200%2C872&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-42.png?fit=1200%2C872&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-42.png?fit=1200%2C872&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-42.png?fit=1200%2C872&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":404278,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=404278","url_meta":{"origin":305607,"position":5},"title":"Is National Academy of Sciences Squeezing Private Endowments to Fund Climate Alarmism?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"09\/23\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"What was the opportunity cost of producing yet another \u201cbeyond doubt\u201d climate report?","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMin_4mmuh8GVU193_HG_5IAqT9N8PhXZVPxRl-X11TtyFqnKHmVickBbNIbeUiakKarsGiFnaLgolpMgfg98jV32HIZkBUkMyG-PnTRfKYzkyl0AvlBKTU9vL7K_eK-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMin_4mmuh8GVU193_HG_5IAqT9N8PhXZVPxRl-X11TtyFqnKHmVickBbNIbeUiakKarsGiFnaLgolpMgfg98jV32HIZkBUkMyG-PnTRfKYzkyl0AvlBKTU9vL7K_eK-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMin_4mmuh8GVU193_HG_5IAqT9N8PhXZVPxRl-X11TtyFqnKHmVickBbNIbeUiakKarsGiFnaLgolpMgfg98jV32HIZkBUkMyG-PnTRfKYzkyl0AvlBKTU9vL7K_eK-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMin_4mmuh8GVU193_HG_5IAqT9N8PhXZVPxRl-X11TtyFqnKHmVickBbNIbeUiakKarsGiFnaLgolpMgfg98jV32HIZkBUkMyG-PnTRfKYzkyl0AvlBKTU9vL7K_eK-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/0AQMin_4mmuh8GVU193_HG_5IAqT9N8PhXZVPxRl-X11TtyFqnKHmVickBbNIbeUiakKarsGiFnaLgolpMgfg98jV32HIZkBUkMyG-PnTRfKYzkyl0AvlBKTU9vL7K_eK-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/305607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=305607"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/305607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":305613,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/305607\/revisions\/305613"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/305609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=305607"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=305607"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=305607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}