{"id":289682,"date":"2023-12-02T19:45:49","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T18:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=289682"},"modified":"2023-12-02T19:45:52","modified_gmt":"2023-12-02T18:45:52","slug":"carbon-dioxide-movie-night-the-global-picture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=289682","title":{"rendered":"Carbon Dioxide Movie Night: The Global Picture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"489\" data-attachment-id=\"289691\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289691\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?fit=997%2C674&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"997,674\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"00image-56\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?fit=723%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?resize=723%2C489&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289691\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?resize=768%2C519&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/\">Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By Chris Hall<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ever since that launch of the first Orbital Carbon Observatory satellite (OCO), I\u2019ve been intrigued by the possibility of being able to directly observe where CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;in the atmosphere comes from and goes to. Unfortunately, I\u2019ve not seen much information in the press about the results from any of the three satellites launched so far. Maybe I\u2019m just not looking in the right places, or maybe the researchers are unusually shy. In any case, I decided to have a look at some of the data myself. One of the things I wanted to check was how well mixed this so-called \u201cwell mixed gas\u201d really is. What follows is a collection of visualizations of OCO-2 data. The cool thing about OCO data is that the satellites provide truly global coverage with a spatial resolution, in the case of the second satellite OCO-2, of 0.5 degrees of latitude and 0.625 degrees of longitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The original data is in the form of XCO2, or mole fraction of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0in dry air, which is equivalent to the volume fraction. For brief details of \u201chow I did it\u201d, see the Appendix below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/L1Dic2813zk?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, let\u2019s look at a movie of the reported CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;concentration from the monthly OCO-2 data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well, that\u2019s not all that helpful. The general pattern is for a gradual increase in global CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;concentration, mostly originating in the Northern Hemisphere and propagating into the Southern Hemisphere. Note that there is considerable seasonal variability, no doubt driven by the cycle of plant growth and decay each year in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another problem with looking at CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0data is that there is a temptation to blow up any increase, possibly for dramatic effect, i.e., \u201cwe\u2019re all gonna fry\u201d. To try to put things into perspective, here\u2019s the same data but presented as latitude averages. This time, I scaled the concentrations from preindustrial levels (~280 ppmv) to double that value. This should roughly correspond to a global temperature rise of ~1.5\u00b0 to ~3\u00b0C, depending on whose climate sensitivity value to believe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1fOvYYe9UyI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To make the thing a bit more human in scale, I wanted to be able to calculate the mass of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0in the atmosphere per square meter. To do this, I also needed an elevation model for the Earth and a reasonable global gravity model, as both you and the atmosphere weigh more at the North Pole than at the equator. Everything got sampled into a compatible 576 x 360 longitude-latitude grid, which enabled me to convert between XCO2 and mass per square meter on both a grid cell and global scale. The average CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentration map in kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0is shown in Fig. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"489\" data-attachment-id=\"289686\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289686\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?fit=1039%2C703&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1039,703\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-54\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?fit=723%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?resize=723%2C489&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?resize=1024%2C693&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?resize=768%2C520&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-54.png?w=1039&amp;ssl=1 1039w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1: Global CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentration in dry air in kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. Note that high altitude regions have low concentrations due to their lower air pressure.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well, that\u2019s interesting. It looks more like a map of elevation, and it should, because high elevation sites have less CO<sub>2<strong>,<\/strong><\/sub>&nbsp;mostly because they have less air due to the drop off of pressure with altitude. When you add up all the atmosphere that sits over land, it only accounts for 28.8% of the total, despite the fact that land area is about 30.6%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now let\u2019s see how much CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;sits over your head. On average, at the end of 2021, the average value was 6.36 kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. That may sound like a lot, but you need to consider that the average mass of air that the CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;resides in is about 10,080 kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>, which is an average over the whole earth, and is slightly less than the sea level value. It turns out that most of the mass of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;in the air really comes from O<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;via its reaction with carbon and hydrocarbons, so the average mass of C in the air (neglecting methane, etc.) was 1.73 kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. The increase of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;in the atmosphere from the beginning of 2015 to the end of 2019 was a whopping 263 grams of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;per m<sup>2<\/sup>, or 71.7 g\/m<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;of C. The increase of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;in the atmosphere per m<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;over 7 years is approximately the same amount that an adult human exhales in about 7 hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Getting back to where CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;comes from and goes to, there\u2019s a global increase of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;that tends to swamp the details. I needed to detrend the data so I could see where the major deviations from the overall global pattern occur. I tried several methods, including subtracting off a linear fit to global average concentration record over the first 84 months (7 years) of the record. I also tried subtracting off the residue (i.e. low frequency component) of the global CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;concentration average after decomposition using the Hilbert-Huang transform (hht library in R), and both of these methods gave similar results. But it bothered me that there was no physical basis for these detrending schemes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I then came up with a brilliant idea. Why not assume that there was some magical CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentration in pre-industrial times, let\u2019s say 280 ppmv, and that all was in perfect equilibrium then, with the amount of the gas released into the atmosphere being exactly balanced by plant growth, weathering, etc., so that Earth had achieved that sublime concentration? After that, once we started pumping CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0into the atmosphere, some, but not all, of that excess would raise the concentration above 280 ppmv (global average of 4.97 kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>), but if we stopped emitting CO<sub>2<\/sub>, the Earth would gradually settle back down to the Utopian level of 280 ppmv. I assumed that all of the increase from preindustrial levels was due to anthropogenic emissions, and that the restoration to 280 ppmv would be via a simple single exponential time constant. This assumes that the ability to fix CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0is not somehow \u201cpoisoned\u201d by rising concentrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"668\" data-attachment-id=\"289687\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289687\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-55.png?fit=1021%2C944&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1021,944\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-55\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-55.png?fit=723%2C668&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-55.png?resize=723%2C668&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-55.png?w=1021&amp;ssl=1 1021w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-55.png?resize=300%2C277&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-55.png?resize=768%2C710&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2: Global average CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentrations derived from OCO-2 data, plotted with simple first order models that assume, that devoid of any anthropogenic inputs, concentrations would decay back to preindustrial levels following a single time constant \u201ctau\u201d.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sadly, I found that this elegant, simple model had already been espoused by Dr Roy Spencer. Drat, I hate it when that happens. Anyway, I had global emission data for the 84 months of the first 7 full years of OCO-2 data and the results of models with different assumed time constants \u03c4 are shown in Fig. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The least squares fit of the model to the data gives a value 38.24 yr for the time constant, which is equivalent to a half-life of 26.5 yr. It is possible to calculate an \u201cinstantaneous\u201d value of \u03c4 from the data, and aside from a blip in 2015, the value is quite stable, suggesting that, at least for these 7 years, the efficiency of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;fixation was relatively constant. It should be noted that this model assumes that<em>&nbsp;all<\/em>&nbsp;of the increase of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;is due solely to anthropogenic emissions. If there are any other unaccounted-for sources, the true time constant will be shorter, so a half-life of 26.5 yr can be reasonably regarded as an upper limit. There may or may not be an \u201ceternal\u201d anthropogenic CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;reservoir in the atmosphere, but it\u2019s not apparent in any of the data that I\u2019ve seen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next step was to take this simple model of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0growth and assume that it is evenly distributed across the globe. This was then used as the model to detrend the data, to see where the CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0sources and sinks reside. This detrended data also has a lot of seasonal variability, which still tends to obscure things. However, you can do a sort of spectral analysis of this data, and the method I applied was the Hilbert-Huang transform. This decomposes a time series into a series of intrinsic model frequencies (IMFs), along with a low frequency \u201cresidue\u201d. When you do this exercise over the 84 months of the detrended data, you find that grid cells have a minimum of 2 IMFs and a maximum of 6 IMFs. Places like Siberia and regions around the Arctic tend to have large numbers of IMFs, while Antarctica and the Southern Ocean tend to only vary slowly, resulting in few IMFs. In the following video, I show the results of plotting latitude averages of the detrended data, along with the detrended data minus the first two IMFs, i.e., residues with a maximum IMF value set to two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LRXHuLqtTwc?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As you can see from this video, most of the CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentration variability is in the Northern Hemisphere, especially north of 60\u00b0N. This variability \u201cwhips\u201d its way towards the southern hemisphere. There is also a persistent \u201cbulge\u201d in the concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0that resides in a zone between the equator and about 45\u00b0N, and this is particularly apparent in the low pass \u201cresidue\u201d plot. This is the region where excess CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0comes from, and the Southern Ocean along with Antarctica is the predominant area where CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0\u201cgoes to die\u201d, so to speak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"489\" data-attachment-id=\"289690\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289690\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-56.png?fit=997%2C674&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"997,674\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-56\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-56.png?fit=723%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-56.png?resize=723%2C489&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-56.png?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-56.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-56.png?resize=768%2C519&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 3: Mean of detrended CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentration residue from 2015 to the end of 2019. Note that the island of Hawaii, where CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0measurements are routinely taken, averages about 20 g\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0above the global mean.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This point is further illustrated in Fig. 3, which shows the mean of the low frequency residue from the global detrended CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentrations. From this figure, we can see that the elephant in the room is clearly China, which acts as a major hot spot that sends CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0across the Pacific and even into the Atlantic. India is also a significant hot spot, but its emissions bump into the Tibetan Plateau. The US is a very minor hot spot, and despite Canada\u2019s relatively high emissions per capita, the original Dominion barely registers at all. I\u2019m afraid that all the angst about emissions from the 2<sup>nd<\/sup>\u00a0and 3<sup>rd<\/sup>\u00a0Dominions, Australia and New Zealand, is hard to justify from this plot, as both countries are on average below the mean and appear completely featureless. Europe is \u201cmeh\u201d, but major petroleum producing areas do register a bit above average. It is also interesting to note that the generally accepted figure for CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0content is based on measurements on the island of Hawaii, but in Fig. 3, we can see that it averages about 20 g\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0higher than the global average, which is roughly a bias of 0.3% for this \u201cwell mixed gas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"489\" data-attachment-id=\"289693\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289693\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?fit=1040%2C703&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1040,703\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-57\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?fit=723%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?resize=723%2C489&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?resize=1024%2C692&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?resize=768%2C519&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-57.png?w=1040&amp;ssl=1 1040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 4: Standard deviations of detrended CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentration residues from 2015 to the end of 2019.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Fig. 3 shows the mean of the detrended residues, Fig. 4 shows their standard deviations. This map illustrates where there is the greatest variability in CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;concentrations over the seven-year period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The places with the&nbsp;<em>least<\/em>&nbsp;variability in CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;concentrations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A zone near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) running through the Pacific and Atlantic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Sahara.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Tibetan Plateau<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mountain ranges in the Western USA and Central Mexico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Portions of the N. Pacific east of Japan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Places with very high variability include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Russia, especially Siberia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Arctic north of Russia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parts of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Canadian Maritime Provinces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A small part of W. Europe centered on the Netherlands, the breadbasket of Europe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Congo Basin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Southern British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A hint of variability in the Mississippi Valley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some strange \u201cblobs\u201d in the N. Pacific. More on these later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"723\" data-attachment-id=\"289695\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289695\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?fit=1040%2C1039&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1040,1039\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-58\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?fit=723%2C723&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=723%2C723&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289695\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=768%2C767&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=800%2C800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=400%2C400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=450%2C450&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?resize=550%2C550&amp;ssl=1 550w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-58.png?w=1040&amp;ssl=1 1040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 5: CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0mass per m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0mean anomalies over three separate 15 degree latitudinal bands<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s clear from Figs. 3 and 4 that all the \u201caction\u201d is in the Northern Hemisphere, specifically between the equator and 45\u00b0N. In Fig. 5, I\u2019ve plotted the average CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;mass anomaly from the detrended and low pass filtered data for three separate bands spanning 15\u00b0 of latitude. The plots start at 105\u00b0E longitude, which is roughly at the western edge of China. Here you can see that China is by far the biggest anomaly, with concentrations generally falling as you go further east.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the bottom panel of Fig. 5 (equator to 15\u00b0N), you can see that concentrations are relatively flat, with a bump up near Venezuela (northern S. America), and a later bump around the Congo Basin. In the second panel (15\u00b0N to 30\u00b0N), concentrations start high in China, with a gradual decline until we get to the Gulf States and India, where there is a rise in CO<sub>2<\/sub>. The exception to this general pattern is about 150\u00b0 from the starting point, which corresponds to the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico. In the top panel (30\u00b0N to 45\u00b0N), there is an early rise in China, followed by a steady decline until the Tibetan Plateau, after which CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;rises again in the vicinity of western China. Within the USA, there is a sharp dip near the Rocky Mountains, which is similar to the pattern seen in Mexico for the middle panel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It seems that mountain ranges are regions where CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;concentrations sharply decline. One might be tempted to think that this is solely due to their lower overall concentration values, but this same pattern is exhibited when molar fractions are plotted instead of kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. Some of this drop might be due to weathering, but Liu et al. (2004) suggested that rainwater is also an important mechanism for soaking up CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;from the atmosphere, and this idea is compatible with the pattern we see in the USA and Mexico, where the concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;drops in the area west of the mountains where one might expect orographic rain, and it rises again sharply in the rain shadow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now let\u2019s see how the low pass filtered detrended data evolved over the seven years of OCO-2 data from 2015 to the end of 2021. The video is at a speed of 4 months per second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IlNj4Vd-w0k?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The video has four different views: global views centered on 0\u00b0 longitude and 180\u00b0E longitude, and polar views centered on 90\u00b0N and -90\u00b0N. Besides the persistent excess centered on China, there are some other intriguing features. At the beginning of the movie, there is a strange hot spot \u201cblob\u201d in the Pacific east of Japan, with a smaller region of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0deficiency just to the south of the zone of excess. This smaller subsidiary blob later becomes a region of excess concentration. This is illustrated as a single frame in Fig. 6. Another strange transitory oceanic region of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0release is shown in Fig. 7, which is centered in the N. Pacific south of Alaska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"487\" data-attachment-id=\"289697\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289697\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-59.png?fit=720%2C487&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,487\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-59\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-59.png?fit=720%2C487&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-59.png?resize=720%2C487&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289697\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-59.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-59.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 6: Single frame of the low pass filtered detrended CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0data showing a region of excess CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0just west of Japan. Below the region of excess is a region of low concentration, which later becomes a region of excess CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"663\" height=\"297\" data-attachment-id=\"289699\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289699\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-60.png?fit=663%2C297&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"663,297\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-60\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-60.png?fit=663%2C297&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-60.png?resize=663%2C297&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289699\" style=\"width:389px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-60.png?w=663&amp;ssl=1 663w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-60.png?resize=300%2C134&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I have no idea what these \u201cblobs\u201d of gas represent. They do not correspond to important fishing zones, so I doubt that they are \u201cbiologics\u201d in the sense that Seaman Jones explains in The Hunt for Red October. Although there are seamounts in these areas, as is true for much of the Pacific, these areas are not especially active either volcanically or seismically. The best guess I have this that some methane clathrates became liberated from the sea floor for some reason and then quickly oxidized to form CO<sub>2<\/sub>. The location and size of these emissions might be controlled by deep ocean currents. I welcome any suggestions as to the mechanism for these seemingly random releases of significant quantities of non-anthropogenic gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"489\" data-attachment-id=\"289701\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289701\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?fit=1039%2C703&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1039,703\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-61\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?fit=723%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?resize=723%2C489&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?resize=1024%2C693&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?resize=768%2C520&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-61.png?w=1039&amp;ssl=1 1039w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 7: Single frame from detrended CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0data showing transitory zone of excess concentration in the N. Pacific south of Alaska.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similar strange anomalies occur in the Arctic, well away from people and even significant plant growth of any kind. These can be seen in the North Pole projections of the detrended low pass filter video. Note that there are significant positive and negative anomalies near Svalbard and a very intense positive anomaly that pops up near Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Similar large-scale anomalies are totally absent in the Southern Ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other notable anomalies that I think I do have explanations for involve wildfires. Some of these are \u201canthropogenic\u201d in the sense of fires being deliberately set for the purpose of clearing land for agriculture (e.g., the Amazon Basin), but many are likely purely natural. Areas of the eastern provinces of Canada as well as large parts of Siberia appear to be susceptible to significant wildfires. The large fire in British Columbia in 2017 is shown in Fig. 8. I can also almost convince myself that in the video, one can see the development of the large Greece and Balkans fires from 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There\u2019s no real \u201cmoral to the story\u201d here, other than the fact that natural variations in concentrations caused by plant growth and decay, almost totally in the Northern Hemisphere, completely swamp all other features. By detrending the data and putting it through a low pass filter it is possible to see more subtle details. The \u201cwell mixed gas\u201d carbon dioxide takes a while to get mixed and there are long term excesses and deficiencies throughout the planet. Barriers to the mixing appear to be the ITCZ and the Sahara Desert. Antarctica, the Southern Oceans, and to a lesser extent the Tibetan Plateau and high mountain ranges seem to act as CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0sinks, while most other variations on land tend to correlate with agricultural land use and large-scale hydrocarbon production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"488\" data-attachment-id=\"289703\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=289703\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-62.png?fit=720%2C488&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,488\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-62\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-62.png?fit=720%2C488&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-62.png?resize=720%2C488&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-289703\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-62.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-62.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 8: CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0excess likely due to wildfires in British Columbia in 2017. Note that the same region shows up later as a negative anomaly, possibly due to new growth after the fires.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wildfires are the likely cause of many large CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;emissions, especially in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. There are many transient positive and negative concentration anomalies in the Pacific and Arctic, and I have no explanation for them except they must be somehow related to degassing and absorption controlled by large scale ocean currents. As for large scale obviously anthropogenic emissions, China is the sore thumb. The Southern Hemisphere barely registers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Appendix<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a brief description of how I accessed the data, the steps used to put things into single georeferenced packages and what tools were used. This is for nerdy types who might want to tackle this sort of thing on their own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I downloaded monthly data from the OCO-2 satellite, which covers the period from the beginning of 2015 until the first two months of 2022, just a bit over seven years. This forced me to learn something about how to handle NETCDF files, and with a little effort I was able to stitch the 86 spatial \u201cXCO2\u201d (molar fraction of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;of dry air) data arrays together to form a single 3-dimensional array, with the indices representing latitude, longitude and time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although daily data is available for OCO-2, I chose monthly data instead for a couple of reasons. One, the size of the downloaded data is a lot smaller, and two, there is complete data for every part of the Earth in the monthly datasets, while there is missing data from daily files. The downside is that gases in the atmosphere can travel quite large distances in the space of days or weeks, meaning that any patterns that might exist in the daily data could be hopelessly smeared out, obscuring any information about possible sources and sinks. I hope to show, however, that this is not the case, and we can definitely see spatial patterns for both CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;sources and sinks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I wanted to convert the OCO-2 data into a measure of the mass of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;per square meter so that I could get a better feel for how much C and CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;we are talking about on a more human scale. This presented a little problem as I had to interpolate the OCO-2 data into the mid-points of their grid cells. The original data goes from -90\u00b0N to 90\u00b0N (361 latitude values), which is a bit awkward as the endpoints have zero area, so concentrations would be infinite. This is the classic fence post vs. fence rail problem, and it reduced the number of latitude values to 360. I shifted the longitude data, but I didn\u2019t have to decrease the number of points, because as Arkady Darrell says in Isaac Asimov\u2019s Second Foundation, \u201ca circle has no end\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tools I used for this study were a moderately old laptop, the program RStudio, the R language, the MATLAB work-alike programming language Octave, GLE Graphics Layout Engine, the video editor Shotcut, and a very neat Java program provided by NASA called Panoply, which lets you make nice pictures and movies of NETCDF datasets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Embedded Videos:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raw data in ppmv:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/L1Dic2813zk\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/L1Dic2813zk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raw ppm latitude averaged from 280 to 560 (pre-ind to x2):&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/1fOvYYe9UyI\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/1fOvYYe9UyI<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Model detrended low pass (residues) mass per sq. m.:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IlNj4Vd-w0k\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/IlNj4Vd-w0k<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Model detrended mass and residues, low pass latitude averaged:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/LRXHuLqtTwc\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/LRXHuLqtTwc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEA-EDGAR CO2, a component of the EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG database version 7.0 (2022) including or based on data from IEA (2021) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iea.org\/statistics\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.iea.org\/statistics<\/a>, as modified by the Joint Research Centre. (<a href=\"https:\/\/edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/dataset_ghg70\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/dataset_ghg70<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KNMI Climate Explorer and Global Carbon Project, Friedlingstein et al, 2019,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-11-1783-2019\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-11-1783-2019<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lesley Ott, Brad Weir, OCO-2 GEOS Level 3 daily, 0.5\u00d70.625 assimilated CO2 V10r, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), Accessed: [Data Access Date], doi: 10.5067\/Y9M4NM9MPCGH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lesley Ott, Brad Weir, OCO-2 GEOS Level 3 monthly, 0.5\u00d70.625 assimilated CO2 V10r, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), Accessed: [Data Access Date], doi: 10.5067\/BGFIODET3HZ8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mauna Loa CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;Data: Data processed by&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.woodfortrees.org\/\">www.woodfortrees.org<\/a>. Data from NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/ccgg\/trends\/\">http:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/ccgg\/trends\/<\/a>&nbsp;Time series (esrl) from 1958.2 to 2023.12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liu, C.J., Ilvesniemi, H., Kutsch, W., Ma, X.Q., Westman, C.J. and Kauppi, P., 2004. An estimate on the rainout of atmospheric CO_2. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16(1), pp.86-89.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Panoply was developed at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. More information about Panoply is available at&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.giss.nasa.gov\/tools\/panoply\">www.giss.nasa.gov\/tools\/panoply<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From Watts Up With That? By Chris Hall Ever since that launch of the first Orbital Carbon Observatory satellite (OCO), I\u2019ve been intrigued by the possibility of being able to directly observe where CO2&nbsp;in the atmosphere comes from and goes to. Unfortunately, I\u2019ve not seen much information in the press about the results from any [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":289691,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Ever since that launch of the first Orbital Carbon Observatory satellite (OCO), I\u2019ve been intrigued by the possibility of being able to directly observe where CO2\u00a0in the atmosphere comes from and goes to. ","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818076,691823374,691818872,691824962,691824961,691822132],"class_list":{"0":"post-289682","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-co2","9":"tag-dr-roy-spencer-2","10":"tag-northern-hemisphere","11":"tag-oco-2-data","12":"tag-orbital-carbon-observatory-satellite-oco","13":"tag-southern-hemisphere","15":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/00image-56.png?fit=997%2C674&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1dmi","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":393522,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=393522","url_meta":{"origin":289682,"position":0},"title":"OCO Satellites: Fancy Tools, Empty Pockets","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/08\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"One of the most reliable tells in the climate shell game is a government program with a name that promises \u201ccarbon\u201d and delivers something suspiciously less concrete. Enter the OCO satellites\u2014Orbiting Carbon Observatories, which, right off the bat, don\u2019t actually measure \u201ccarbon.\u201d They measure CO\u2082. It\u2019s like opening a box\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNqooGZkCJlDw-dp-i_SQqya0hKBrDb68VM4Izg4U9q_LDkd2bw1tlWmk4wMWe_TJkpT8blvBelOQEj5QC8qQVcjRLv1_tbhHd6lFiE7RdVyakmuz1f9KJIADWGWsgdJXvzYIhp4cP_AETKVNPXjKoq6sIzIg-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNqooGZkCJlDw-dp-i_SQqya0hKBrDb68VM4Izg4U9q_LDkd2bw1tlWmk4wMWe_TJkpT8blvBelOQEj5QC8qQVcjRLv1_tbhHd6lFiE7RdVyakmuz1f9KJIADWGWsgdJXvzYIhp4cP_AETKVNPXjKoq6sIzIg-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNqooGZkCJlDw-dp-i_SQqya0hKBrDb68VM4Izg4U9q_LDkd2bw1tlWmk4wMWe_TJkpT8blvBelOQEj5QC8qQVcjRLv1_tbhHd6lFiE7RdVyakmuz1f9KJIADWGWsgdJXvzYIhp4cP_AETKVNPXjKoq6sIzIg-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNqooGZkCJlDw-dp-i_SQqya0hKBrDb68VM4Izg4U9q_LDkd2bw1tlWmk4wMWe_TJkpT8blvBelOQEj5QC8qQVcjRLv1_tbhHd6lFiE7RdVyakmuz1f9KJIADWGWsgdJXvzYIhp4cP_AETKVNPXjKoq6sIzIg-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNqooGZkCJlDw-dp-i_SQqya0hKBrDb68VM4Izg4U9q_LDkd2bw1tlWmk4wMWe_TJkpT8blvBelOQEj5QC8qQVcjRLv1_tbhHd6lFiE7RdVyakmuz1f9KJIADWGWsgdJXvzYIhp4cP_AETKVNPXjKoq6sIzIg-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":194277,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=194277","url_meta":{"origin":289682,"position":1},"title":"NASA Science Enables First-of-its-Kind Detection of Reduced Human CO2 Emissions","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/04\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"From NASA For the first time,\u00a0researchers have spotted\u00a0short-term, regional fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) across the globe due to emissions from human activities. Using a combination of NASA satellites and atmospheric modeling, the scientists performed a first-of-its-kind detection of human CO2 emissions changes. The new study uses data from\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/01-covid-atmo-chem-1041.jpg?fit=1041%2C694&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/01-covid-atmo-chem-1041.jpg?fit=1041%2C694&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/01-covid-atmo-chem-1041.jpg?fit=1041%2C694&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/01-covid-atmo-chem-1041.jpg?fit=1041%2C694&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":239846,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=239846","url_meta":{"origin":289682,"position":2},"title":"Greenhouse gas concentrations further increased in 2022, finds analysis of global satellite data","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"15\/01\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"What was the point of all those UN climate conferences again?","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-694.png?fit=844%2C367&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-694.png?fit=844%2C367&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-694.png?fit=844%2C367&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-694.png?fit=844%2C367&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":370784,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=370784","url_meta":{"origin":289682,"position":3},"title":"No, Smithsonian Magazine, Climate Change Is Not the Main Driver of Satellite Collision Risk\u2014The Sun Is","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"18\/03\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"A recent article from\u00a0Smithsonian Magazine\u00a0(SM) titled\u00a0\u201cClimate Change Might Increase Satellite Collisions, Limiting How Many Can Safely Orbit Earth, Study Finds\u201d\u00a0claims that human-induced climate change is causing the upper atmosphere to contract, reducing drag on satellites and space debris, which could lead to more collisions. This is misleading if not outright\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0space-satellite-orbiting-the-earth-elements-of-this-image-furnished-by-nasa_nyxocevvyx_thumbnail-1080_01.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0space-satellite-orbiting-the-earth-elements-of-this-image-furnished-by-nasa_nyxocevvyx_thumbnail-1080_01.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0space-satellite-orbiting-the-earth-elements-of-this-image-furnished-by-nasa_nyxocevvyx_thumbnail-1080_01.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0space-satellite-orbiting-the-earth-elements-of-this-image-furnished-by-nasa_nyxocevvyx_thumbnail-1080_01.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/0space-satellite-orbiting-the-earth-elements-of-this-image-furnished-by-nasa_nyxocevvyx_thumbnail-1080_01.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":383373,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=383373","url_meta":{"origin":289682,"position":4},"title":"Celebrate \u2013 CO2 Levels Just Hit 430ppm","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"15\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The gas of life is greening the deserts, contributing to rising agricultural yields and making the far North more habitable \u2013 but you would never learn this from mainstream media.","rel":"","context":"In \"benefit to all life\"","block_context":{"text":"benefit to all life","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=benefit-to-all-life"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Global_greening_map1.png?fit=1200%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Global_greening_map1.png?fit=1200%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Global_greening_map1.png?fit=1200%2C480&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Global_greening_map1.png?fit=1200%2C480&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0Global_greening_map1.png?fit=1200%2C480&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":390548,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=390548","url_meta":{"origin":289682,"position":5},"title":"Forrest Mims: Top 10 Reasons to Keep Mauna Loa Observatory Open","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"24\/07\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"As many of you know, the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) in Hawaii is slated for closure by the Trump Administration. Multiple\u00a0reports\u00a0indicate that the Trump administration\u2019s proposed 2026 NOAA budget includes plans to defund the MLO. This would essentially lead to the closure of the observatory.","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMaos39HrtEJiVM2lHlUx_ZxuwVNkci4A49SyiyfGADeUZXaORFurfN6d1baifXatYYtObibSszKXoeTmEfAifPSZJuhrABMQPuT7qEW7-_thxwFwxTk_12pqmpocrsabOj-DHvjbZNPzWo9Oz9X2RCXAsO-g-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMaos39HrtEJiVM2lHlUx_ZxuwVNkci4A49SyiyfGADeUZXaORFurfN6d1baifXatYYtObibSszKXoeTmEfAifPSZJuhrABMQPuT7qEW7-_thxwFwxTk_12pqmpocrsabOj-DHvjbZNPzWo9Oz9X2RCXAsO-g-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMaos39HrtEJiVM2lHlUx_ZxuwVNkci4A49SyiyfGADeUZXaORFurfN6d1baifXatYYtObibSszKXoeTmEfAifPSZJuhrABMQPuT7qEW7-_thxwFwxTk_12pqmpocrsabOj-DHvjbZNPzWo9Oz9X2RCXAsO-g-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMaos39HrtEJiVM2lHlUx_ZxuwVNkci4A49SyiyfGADeUZXaORFurfN6d1baifXatYYtObibSszKXoeTmEfAifPSZJuhrABMQPuT7qEW7-_thxwFwxTk_12pqmpocrsabOj-DHvjbZNPzWo9Oz9X2RCXAsO-g-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/0AQMaos39HrtEJiVM2lHlUx_ZxuwVNkci4A49SyiyfGADeUZXaORFurfN6d1baifXatYYtObibSszKXoeTmEfAifPSZJuhrABMQPuT7qEW7-_thxwFwxTk_12pqmpocrsabOj-DHvjbZNPzWo9Oz9X2RCXAsO-g-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=289682"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289682\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":289705,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289682\/revisions\/289705"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/289691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=289682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=289682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=289682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}