{"id":287000,"date":"2023-11-07T13:54:55","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T12:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=287000"},"modified":"2023-11-07T13:54:59","modified_gmt":"2023-11-07T12:54:59","slug":"climates-catch-22-cutting-air-pollution-heats-up-the-planet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=287000","title":{"rendered":"Climate\u2019s \u2018Catch-22\u2019: Cutting air pollution heats up the planet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Doomsters need your fears to produce a apocalyptic climate future. Let the climate boogey man walk around. Wag the dog.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Air pollution, a global scourge that kills millions of people a year, is shielding us from the full force of the sun. Getting rid of it will accelerate climate change tells\u00a0Euractiv<\/a><\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s the unpalatable conclusion reached by scientists poring over the results of China\u2019s decade-long and highly effective \u201cwar on pollution\u201d, according to six leading climate experts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The drive to banish pollution, caused mainly by sulphur dioxide (SO2) spewed from coal plants, has cut SO2 emissions by close to 90% and saved hundreds of thousands of lives, Chinese official data and health studies<\/a> show.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet stripped of its toxic shield, which scatters and reflects solar radiation, China\u2019s average temperatures have gone up by 0.7 degrees Celsius since 2014, triggering fiercer heatwaves, according to a Reuters review of meteorological data and the scientists interviewed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s this Catch-22,\u201d said Patricia Quinn, an atmospheric chemist at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), speaking about cleaning up sulphur pollution globally. \u201cWe want to clean up our air for air quality purposes but, by doing that, we\u2019re increasing warming.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The removal of the air pollution \u2013 a term scientists call \u201cunmasking\u201d \u2013 may have had a greater effect on temperatures in some industrial Chinese cities over the last decade than the warming from greenhouse gases themselves, the scientists said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other highly polluted parts of the world, such as India and the Middle East, would see similar jumps in warming if they follow China\u2019s lead in cleaning the skies of sulphur dioxide and the polluting aerosols it forms, the experts warned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said efforts to improve air quality could actually push the world into catastrophic warming scenarios and irreversible impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAerosols are masking one-third of the heating of the planet,\u201d said Paulo Artaxo, an environmental physicist and lead author of the chapter on short-lived climate pollutants in the most recent round of reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), completed this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you implement technologies to reduce air pollution, this will accelerate \u2013 very significantly \u2013 global warming in the short term.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chinese and Indian environment ministries didn\u2019t immediately respond to requests for comment on the effects of pollution unmasking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The link between reducing sulphur dioxide and warming was flagged by the IPCC in a 2021 report<\/a> which concluded that, without the solar shield of SO2 pollution, the global average temperature would already have risen by 1.6 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That misses the world\u2019s goal of limiting warming to 1.5C, beyond which scientists predict irreversible and catastrophic changes to the climate, according to the IPCC, which pegs the current level at 1.1C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Reuters review of the Chinese data provides the most detailed picture yet of how this phenomenon is playing out in the real world, drawing on previously unreported numbers on changes in temperatures and SO2 emissions over the past decade and corroborated by environmental scientists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reuters interviewed 12 scientists in total on the phenomenon of unmasking globally, including four who have acted as authors or reviewers of sections on air pollution in IPCC reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said there was no suggestion among climate experts that the world should let-up on fighting air pollution, a clear and present danger that the World Health Organization says causes about 7 million premature deaths a year, mostly in poorer countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead they stressed the need for more aggressive action to cut emissions of climate-warming greenhouse gases, with reducing methane seen as one of the most promising paths to offset pollution unmasking in the short term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi battles \u2018airpocalypse\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

President Xi Jinping pledged to tackle pollution when he took power in 2012 following decades of coal-burning that had helped turn China into \u201cthe factory of the world\u201d. The following year, as record smog in Beijing inspired \u201cAirpocalypse\u201d newspaper headlines, the government unveiled what scientists called China\u2019s version of the US Clean Air Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 5 March 2014, a week after Xi went on a walkabout during another extreme bout of smog in the capital, the government officially declared a war on pollution at the National People\u2019s Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under the new rules, power plants and steel mills were forced to switch to lower-sulphur coal. Hundreds of inefficient factories were shuttered, and vehicle fuel standards toughened up. While coal continues to be China\u2019s largest power source, smokestack scrubbers now strip out most SO2 emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China\u2019s SO2 emissions had decreased from a 2006 peak of at nearly 26 million metric tons to 20.4 million tons in 2013 thanks to more gradual emissions restrictions. But with the war on pollution, those emissions had plummeted by about 87% to 2.7 million metric tons by 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The drop in pollution was accompanied by a leap in warming \u2013 the nine years since 2014 have seen national average annual temperatures in China of 10.34C, up more than 0.7C compared with the 2001-2010 period, according to Reuters calculations based on yearly weather reports published by the China Meteorological Administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientific estimates vary as to how much of that rise comes from unmasking versus greenhouse gas emissions or natural climate variations like El Nino.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The impacts are more acute at a local level near the pollution source. Almost immediately, China saw big warming jumps from its unmasking of pollution near heavy industrial regions, according to climate scientist Yangyang Xu at Texas A&M University, who models the impact of aerosols on the climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xu told Reuters he estimated that unmasking had caused temperatures near the cities of Chongqing and Wuhan, long known as China\u2019s \u201cfurnaces\u201d, to rise by almost 1C since sulphur emissions peaked in the mid-2000s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During heatwaves, the unmasking effect can be even more pronounced. Laura Wilcox, a climate scientist who studies the effects of aerosols at Britain\u2019s University of Reading, said a computer simulation showed that the rapid decline in SO2 in China could raise temperatures on extreme-heat days by as much as 2C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThose are big differences, especially for somewhere like China, where heat is already pretty dangerous,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indeed, heatwaves in China have been particularly ferocious this year. A town in the northwestern region of Xinjiang saw temperatures of 52.2C (126F) in July, shattering the national temperature record of 50.3C set in 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beijing also experienced a record heatwave, with temperatures topping 35C (95F) for more than four weeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

India and the Middle East<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The effects of sulphur unmasking are most pronounced in developing countries, as the US and most of Europe cleaned up their skies decades ago. While the heat rise from sulphur cleanup is strongest locally, the effects can be felt in far-distant regions. One 2021 study<\/a> co-authored by Xu found that a decrease in European aerosol emissions since the 1980s may have shifted weather patterns in Northern China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In India, sulphur pollution is still rising, roughly doubling in the last two decades, according to calculations by NOAA researchers based on figures from the US-funded Community Emissions Data System.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2020, when that pollution plummeted due to COVID lockdowns, ground temperatures in India were the eighth warmest on record, 0.29 C higher than the 1981-2010 average, despite the cooling effects of the La Nina climate pattern, according to the India Meteorological Department.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

India aims for an air cleanup like China\u2019s, and in 2019 launched its National Clean Air Programme to reduce pollution by 40% in more than 100 cities by 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once polluted regions in India or the Middle East improve their air quality by abandoning fossil fuels and transitioning to green energy sources, they too will lose their shield of sulphates, scientists said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou stop your anthropogenic activities for a brief moment of time and the atmosphere cleans up very, very quickly and the temperatures jump instantaneously,\u201d added Sergey Osipov, a climate modeller at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offsetting with methane?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As the implications of the pollution unmasking become more apparent, experts are casting around for methods to counter the associated warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One proposal called \u201csolar radiation management\u201d envisions deliberately injecting sulphur aerosols into the atmosphere to cool temperatures. But many scientists worry that the approach could unleash unintended consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A more mainstream plan is to curb methane emissions. This is seen as the quickest way to tame global temperatures because the effects of the gas in the atmosphere last only a decade or so, so cutting emissions now would deliver results within a decade. Carbon dioxide, by comparison, persists for centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of 2019, methane had caused about 0.5C in warming compared with preindustrial levels, according to IPCC figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While more than 100 countries have pledged to reduce methane emissions by 30% by the end of the decade, few have gone further than drawing up \u201caction plans\u201d and \u201cpathways\u201d to cuts. China \u2013 the world\u2019s biggest emitter \u2013 has yet to publish its plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By targeting methane, the world could mitigate the warming effect of the reduction in pollution and potentially avert catastrophic consequences, said Michael Diamond, an atmospheric scientist at Florida State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis doesn\u2019t doom us to going above 1.5 degrees Celsius if we clean up the air.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Researchers argue that reducing greenhouse gas emissions is not enough to combat climate change<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to a new\u00a0paper<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Oxford Open Climate Change<\/em>, the strategies humanity must pursue to reduce climate change will have to include more than reducing greenhouse gases. This comes from an analysis of climate data led by researcher James Hansen. Phys.org\u00a0<\/a><\/em>has the story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists have known since the 1800s that infrared-absorbing (greenhouse) gases warm Earth’s surface, and that the abundance of\u00a0greenhouse gases<\/a>\u00a0changes naturally as well as from human actions. Roger Revelle, who was one of the early scientists to study\u00a0global warming<\/a>, wrote in 1965 that industrialization meant that human beings were conducting a “vast geophysical experiment” by burning\u00a0fossil fuels<\/a>, which adds\u00a0carbon dioxide<\/a>\u00a0(CO2<\/sub>) to the air. CO2<\/sub>\u00a0has now reached levels that have not existed for millions of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate sensitivity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A long-standing issue concerns how much global temperature will rise for a specified CO2<\/sub> increase. A 1979 study released by the United States National Academy of Sciences concluded that doubling atmospheric CO2<\/sub> with ice sheets fixed would likely cause global warming between 1.5 and 4.5\u00b0 Celsius. This was a large range, and there was additional uncertainty about the delay in warming caused by Earth’s massive ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This new paper reevaluates climate<\/a> sensitivity based on improved paleoclimate data, finding that climate is more sensitive than usually assumed. Their best estimate for doubled CO2<\/sub> is global warming of 4.8\u00b0C, significantly larger than the 3\u00b0C best estimate of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aerosols<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The authors also conclude that much of the expected greenhouse gas warming in the past century has been offset by the cooling effect of human-made aerosols\u2014fine airborne particles. Aerosols have declined in amount since 2010 as a result of reduced air pollution in China and global restrictions on aerosol emissions from ships. This aerosol reduction is good for human health, as particulate air pollution kills several million people per year and adversely affects the health of many more people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, aerosol reduction is now beginning to unmask greenhouse gas warming that had been hidden by aerosol cooling. The authors have long termed the aerosol<\/a> cooling a “Faustian bargain” because, as humanity eventually reduces air pollution, payment in the form of increased warming comes due.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This new paper predicts that a post-2010 acceleration of global warming will soon be apparent above the level of natural climate variability. The 1970-2010 global warming rate of 0.18\u00b0C per decade is predicted to increase to at least 0.27\u00b0C per decade during the few decades after 2010. As a result, the 1.5\u00b0C global warming level will be passed this decade and the 2\u00b0C level will be passed within the following two decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Read the full story here\u00a0<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Doomsters need your fears to produce a apocalyptic climate future. Let the climate boogey man walk around. Wag the dog. Air pollution, a global scourge that kills millions of people a year, is shielding us from the full force of the sun. Getting rid of it will accelerate climate change tells\u00a0Euractiv. That\u2019s the unpalatable conclusion […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":287008,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Doomsters need your fears to produce a apocalyptic climate future. Let the climate boogey man walk around. Wag the dog.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691824385,691818341,691824382,691824383,691818237,691821016,691824384],"class_list":{"0":"post-287000","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-airpocalypse","9":"tag-china","10":"tag-cutting-air-pollution","11":"tag-heats-up","12":"tag-india","13":"tag-national-oceanic-and-atmospheric-administration-noaa","14":"tag-sulphur-dioxide-so2","16":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OIG-2023-08-04T145853.949.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1cF2","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":334159,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=334159","url_meta":{"origin":287000,"position":0},"title":"Climate Activists Are Wrong About Which Energy Source Reduces Air Pollution","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/22\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Today\u2019s media are filled with concerns about air pollution. But few people know which energy source has produced the greatest modern reduction in air pollution. 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This is false. Many of the conditions Frung claims\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/00medical-marketing-ideas.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/00medical-marketing-ideas.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/00medical-marketing-ideas.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/00medical-marketing-ideas.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/00medical-marketing-ideas.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":334224,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=334224","url_meta":{"origin":287000,"position":2},"title":"Climate campaigners are wrong as to which energy source reduces air pollution","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/23\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Today\u2019s media are filled with concerns about air pollution. But few people know which energy source has produced the greatest modern reduction in air pollution. The answer isn\u2019t wind or solar energy.","rel":"","context":"In \"Air Pollution\"","block_context":{"text":"Air Pollution","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=air-pollution"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0cooking-with-gas.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0cooking-with-gas.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0cooking-with-gas.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0cooking-with-gas.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/0cooking-with-gas.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":337407,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=337407","url_meta":{"origin":287000,"position":3},"title":"Biden Admin Cuts Multi-Billion Dollar Check to Push \u2018Community-Driven\u2019 Green Projects All Over America","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/24\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The Biden administration announced Monday that it is sending billions of dollars across the country to advance climate change-related projects.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0joker-money-burning-sg-1920x1200-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0joker-money-burning-sg-1920x1200-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0joker-money-burning-sg-1920x1200-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0joker-money-burning-sg-1920x1200-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0joker-money-burning-sg-1920x1200-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C750&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":374821,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=374821","url_meta":{"origin":287000,"position":4},"title":"Reversing the Endangerment Finding: Burying the Union of Concerned Scientists Case Against It","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/11\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Trump EPA is planning to reconsider the 2009 Obama EPA Endangerment Finding (EF) that labeled greenhouse gas emissions as a threat to public health. Here is the first effort by a leftist group against that.","rel":"","context":"In \"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)\"","block_context":{"text":"carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-dioxide-co%e2%82%82"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/00Screenshot-2025-04-11-190119.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/00Screenshot-2025-04-11-190119.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/00Screenshot-2025-04-11-190119.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/00Screenshot-2025-04-11-190119.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/00Screenshot-2025-04-11-190119.png?fit=1200%2C659&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":336410,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=336410","url_meta":{"origin":287000,"position":5},"title":"U.S. Urban Air Pollution Trends: Fossil Fuel Ecology","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/13\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Having failed to convince skeptics of climate alarm (the science is more settled toward the positives than the negatives of carbon dioxide [CO2]), and with no change in climate policy able to affect climate for decades (if ever), critics of fossil fuels turn to the known criteria air pollutants.","rel":"","context":"In \"air pollutants\"","block_context":{"text":"air pollutants","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=air-pollutants"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0105140449-GettyImages-2020236.1910x1000.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0105140449-GettyImages-2020236.1910x1000.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0105140449-GettyImages-2020236.1910x1000.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0105140449-GettyImages-2020236.1910x1000.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0105140449-GettyImages-2020236.1910x1000.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/287000","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=287000"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/287000\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":287010,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/287000\/revisions\/287010"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/287008"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=287000"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=287000"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=287000"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}