{"id":285942,"date":"2023-11-01T11:22:27","date_gmt":"2023-11-01T10:22:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=285942"},"modified":"2023-11-01T11:22:31","modified_gmt":"2023-11-01T10:22:31","slug":"new-study-lower-bound-uncertainty-in-aerosol-forcing-10-times-larger-than-10-years-of-co2-forcing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=285942","title":{"rendered":"New Study: Lower Bound Uncertainty In Aerosol Forcing 10 Times Larger Than 10 Years Of CO2 Forcing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"482\" data-attachment-id=\"285949\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=285949\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?fit=1200%2C800&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?fit=723%2C482&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?resize=723%2C482&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-285949\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Aerosols, such as airborne wildfire smoke, desert dust, volcanic and pollution particles, affect Earth&#8217;s climate by reflecting (some also absorb) sunlight. These aerosol particles also play key roles in cloud formation and evolution, further affecting the planet&#8217;s energy balance.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Points<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aerosol climate forcing uncertainty is virtually undiminished despite two decades of advances in many aspects of aerosol-climate science<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This review concludes that current and planned aerosol modeling, satellite and ground-based observation programs remain essential<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>New, systematic aircraft aerosol-particle and cloud-process measurements are also needed, along with better model-measurement integration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" data-attachment-id=\"285951\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=285951\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?fit=2800%2C1575&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2800,1575\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;SCH-I545&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.2&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0010917030567686&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?fit=723%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=723%2C407&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-285951\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=2048%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?resize=1200%2C675&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0CharacterisationandSourceApportionmentofCarbonaceousAerosolsinIreland.jpg?w=2169&amp;ssl=1 2169w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/notrickszone.com\/\">NoTricksZone<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/notrickszone.com\/author\/kenneth-richard\/\">Kenneth Richard<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0<\/em>30. October 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cDespite two decades of advances in many aspects of aerosol-climate science, aerosol climate forcing uncertainty is virtually undiminished. Yet, reducing this uncertainty is critical for any effort to attribute, mitigate, or predict climate changes.\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>\u2013 Kahn et al., 2023<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to a&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1029\/2022RG000796\">new study<\/a><\/strong>, the lower-bound uncertainty in natural aerosol forcing from wildfire smoke, desert dust, volcanic and pollution particles \u2013&nbsp;<em>not<\/em>&nbsp;including the aerosol-induced cloud formation effects modulating Earth\u2019s radiation budget \u2013 is 2.2 W\/m\u00b2 (\u00b11.1 W\/m\u00b2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cA lower bound on the uncertainty range of just the direct component of the total global-mean all-sky aerosol forcing (i.e., that due to scattering and absorption by airborne particles but not their indirect effects on clouds) is estimated as \u00b11.1 W\/m\u00b2\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To put this uncertainty estimate into perspective, it takes 10 years of CO2 concentration increase (22 ppm) to produce a surface forcing of 0.2 W\/m\u00b2 \u2013 and this is only for clear-sky, or an imaginary world in which no clouds exist (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature14240\">Feldman et al., 2015<\/a><\/strong>). CO2 forcing over a span of a decade is thus 10 times smaller than the lower-bound uncertainty in natural aerosol forcing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"775\" data-attachment-id=\"285945\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=285945\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0Aerosol-forcing-uncertainty-too-large-and-unknowable-Kahn-2023.jpg?fit=662%2C775&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"662,775\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0Aerosol-forcing-uncertainty-too-large-and-unknowable-Kahn-2023\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0Aerosol-forcing-uncertainty-too-large-and-unknowable-Kahn-2023.jpg?fit=662%2C775&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0Aerosol-forcing-uncertainty-too-large-and-unknowable-Kahn-2023.jpg?resize=662%2C775&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-285945\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0Aerosol-forcing-uncertainty-too-large-and-unknowable-Kahn-2023.jpg?w=662&amp;ssl=1 662w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0Aerosol-forcing-uncertainty-too-large-and-unknowable-Kahn-2023.jpg?resize=256%2C300&amp;ssl=1 256w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Image Source:\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1029\/2022RG000796\">Kahn et al., 2023<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Climate models don\u2019t have the resolution to simulate aerosol forcing effects on climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cModel representation of aerosol properties often fails to capture the complexity found in nature, particularly in bulk models lacking microphysics, and generally, differences among commonly used aerosol representations in models can produce very different aerosol forcing results in model simulations.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because they cannot effectively constrain aerosol contributions to climate forcing, especially in aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI), many global climate models simply neglect or don\u2019t include relevant aerosol processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cMany of the relevant processes operate on spatial scales far smaller than the resolution of global models and are therefore either highly parameterized or simply not included, such as some aerosol effects on convective clouds.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201c[Q]uantitative constraints on nearly all the key variables needed to characterize detailed ACI are beyond the capabilities of existing and currently planned space-based remote-sensing instruments.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apparently we are expected to remain unskeptical about the popular claim that we humans can determine what happens to the global climate with our daily living activities despite glaring attributional uncertainties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aerosols, such as airborne wildfire smoke, desert dust, volcanic and pollution particles, affect Earth&#8217;s climate by reflecting (some also absorb) sunlight. These aerosol particles also play key roles in cloud formation and evolution, further affecting the planet&#8217;s energy balance. Key Points From NoTricksZone By\u00a0Kenneth Richard\u00a0on\u00a030. October 2023 \u201cDespite two decades of advances in many aspects [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":285949,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Aerosols, such as airborne wildfire smoke, desert dust, volcanic and pollution particles, affect Earth's climate by reflecting (some also absorb) sunlight. These aerosol particles also play key roles in cloud formation and evolution, further affecting the","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691824145,691818153,691818076,691824146,691824147],"class_list":{"0":"post-285942","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-aerosol-forcing","9":"tag-climate-models","10":"tag-co2","11":"tag-co2-forcing","12":"tag-natural-aerosol-forcing","14":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1cnY","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":312234,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=312234","url_meta":{"origin":285942,"position":0},"title":"Uncertainty In Natural Forcing From Wildfire, Dust Aerosols 2 Times Larger Than Total CO2 Forcing","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"23\/03\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The radiative effect of natural wildfire aerosol forcing alone can be said to fully cancel out the total accumulated forcing from 170 years of CO2 increases in the current climate.","rel":"","context":"In \"Aerosols\"","block_context":{"text":"Aerosols","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=aerosols"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/00FireFueledThunderclouds_1500_crop.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/00FireFueledThunderclouds_1500_crop.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/00FireFueledThunderclouds_1500_crop.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/00FireFueledThunderclouds_1500_crop.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/00FireFueledThunderclouds_1500_crop.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":189706,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=189706","url_meta":{"origin":285942,"position":1},"title":"Scientists map Arctic aerosols to better understand regional warming","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/03\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Arctic sea ice [image credit: Geoscience Daily] Funny how climate science is so insistent on its dogma without knowing enough about aerosol effects, or cloud cover effects for that matter. Talk of \u2018better understanding climate change\u2019 is fine, but all we hear in the media is that the debate is\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/00arctic-sea-ice.jpg?fit=960%2C638&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/00arctic-sea-ice.jpg?fit=960%2C638&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/00arctic-sea-ice.jpg?fit=960%2C638&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/00arctic-sea-ice.jpg?fit=960%2C638&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":300184,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=300184","url_meta":{"origin":285942,"position":2},"title":"Hunga Tonga-Hunga eruption sent enough water vapor into the stratosphere to cause a rapid change in chemistry","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/02\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha\u2019apai volcano on January 15, 2022, produced the largest underwater explosion ever recorded by modern scientific instruments, blasting an enormous amount of water and volcanic gases higher than any other eruption in the satellite era.","rel":"","context":"In \"Earth\u2019s stratosphere\"","block_context":{"text":"Earth\u2019s stratosphere","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=earths-stratosphere"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0121222_cg_-tonga-hunga-volcano_feat.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":378617,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=378617","url_meta":{"origin":285942,"position":3},"title":"James Hansen: Climate Cassandra or Science Salesman?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"16\/05\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"One would think that James Hansen\u2014once lionized as the father of modern climate alarmism\u2014might bask in the limelight after a fresh round of histrionics about Earth hurtling toward a \u201cpoint of no return.\u201d Instead, we find him on the pages of his latest blog-style polemic,\u00a0\u201cLarge Cloud Feedback Confirms High Climate\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"albedo change\"","block_context":{"text":"albedo change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=albedo-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-16.-Mai-2025-16_42_52.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-16.-Mai-2025-16_42_52.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-16.-Mai-2025-16_42_52.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-16.-Mai-2025-16_42_52.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":325450,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=325450","url_meta":{"origin":285942,"position":4},"title":"Post-1980s Increases In Shortwave Radiation Explains Europe\u2019s Warming Trends Far Better Than CO2","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/05\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Across Europe there has been a downward trend in cloud and aerosol albedo over the last 40 years, allowing more solar radiation to reach the surface. This \u201cbrightening\u201d effect thus explains recent warming.","rel":"","context":"In \"CO2\"","block_context":{"text":"CO2","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=co2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/08-Figure2-1.png?fit=1200%2C893&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/08-Figure2-1.png?fit=1200%2C893&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/08-Figure2-1.png?fit=1200%2C893&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/08-Figure2-1.png?fit=1200%2C893&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/08-Figure2-1.png?fit=1200%2C893&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":385616,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=385616","url_meta":{"origin":285942,"position":5},"title":"Cleaner Air, Sunshine &amp;\u00a0Temperatures","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"28\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Spring this year was by far the sunniest on record in the UK. Given that last year was one of the least sunny, we need to accept that natural variability plays the major role in all of this, but question marks remain about the longer-term trends, which are clearly increasing.","rel":"","context":"In \"Aerosols\"","block_context":{"text":"Aerosols","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=aerosols"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/OIG2.A7DFotAo17I.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285942","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=285942"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285942\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":285953,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285942\/revisions\/285953"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/285949"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=285942"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=285942"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=285942"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}