{"id":284317,"date":"2023-10-21T14:02:04","date_gmt":"2023-10-21T12:02:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=284317"},"modified":"2023-10-21T14:02:08","modified_gmt":"2023-10-21T12:02:08","slug":"copper-the-new-oil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=284317","title":{"rendered":"Copper, \u201cThe New Oil\u201d?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"659\" data-attachment-id=\"284331\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284331\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?fit=1123%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1123,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"01095769\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?fit=723%2C659&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?resize=723%2C659&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?resize=1024%2C934&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?resize=300%2C274&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?resize=768%2C700&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?w=1123&amp;ssl=1 1123w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Critical materials for energy: aluminum, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, electrical steel, fluorine, gallium, iridium, lithium, magnesium, natural graphite, neodymium, nickel, platinum, praseodymium, silicon, silicon carbide and terbium.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"602\" data-attachment-id=\"284333\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284333\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/06782180084_fc753af5a2_b.jpg?fit=1024%2C853&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,853\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Royce L. Bair&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright Royce L. Bair MMXII&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"06782180084_fc753af5a2_b\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/06782180084_fc753af5a2_b.jpg?fit=723%2C602&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/06782180084_fc753af5a2_b.jpg?resize=723%2C602&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/06782180084_fc753af5a2_b.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/06782180084_fc753af5a2_b.jpg?resize=300%2C250&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/06782180084_fc753af5a2_b.jpg?resize=768%2C640&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/\">Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Guest \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Theres-Copper-Them-Thar-Hills\/dp\/1105571742\">There\u2019s copper in them thar hills<\/a>\u201d by David Middleton<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Copper Is Critical for America\u2019s New Energy Economy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearenergy.org\/authors\/andy_kireta_jr\/\">Andy Kireta, Jr.<\/a><br>October 18, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s (DOE) new designation of copper as a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/articles\/us-department-energy-releases-2023-critical-materials-assessment-evaluate-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">critical material<\/a>&nbsp;follows the lead of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.miningweekly.com\/article\/copper-makes-it-to-draft-does-draft-critical-minerals-list-2023-08-04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EU, China, Japan, and others<\/a>&nbsp;in labeling the metal as critical \u2013 and shows copper is on the cusp of a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/02\/13\/analysts-see-short-term-strength-long-term-generational-shift-in-copper-prices.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">generational shift<\/a>&nbsp;from an everyday material to a geopolitically significant commodity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This new strategic importance stems from copper\u2019s criticality to&nbsp;a wide range of clean and renewable energy technologies,&nbsp;such as waste heat recovery and electric vehicles,&nbsp;which can reduce global GHG emissions by two-thirds.&nbsp;As a result, experts estimate copper demand is set to double between&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/market-insights\/latest-news\/energy-transition\/071422-world-copper-deficit-could-hit-record-demand-seen-doubling-by-2035-s-p-global\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2035<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/copperalliance.org\/resource\/copper-pathway-to-net-zero\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2050<\/a>&nbsp;as industries work to meet their climate goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is no wonder, then, that some are referring to copper as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/02\/13\/analysts-see-short-term-strength-long-term-generational-shift-in-copper-prices.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the new oil<\/a>.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u2026]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shift from a global economy built entirely on oil to a digitized and electrified future, with copper at its foundation, has already begun. If Washington wants the U.S. to lead this global shift, it must recognize copper as a critical material for the nation\u2019s future economic and national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Andy Kireta, Jr., is the President and CEO of the Copper Development Association and the North American Regional Director of the International Copper Association.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearenergy.org\/articles\/2023\/10\/18\/doe_is_right_copper_is_critical_for_americas_new_energy_economy_986948.html\">RealClearEnergy<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The notion that we are transitioning from fossil fuels to an electrified future is nonsense. However, technological advances and government policies are increasing the demand for many mineral resources. This is having an effect on the mineral resource criticality matrix. Non-critical mineral resources are shifting towards becoming critical materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"407\" data-attachment-id=\"284318\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284318\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-554.png?fit=720%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,407\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-554\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-554.png?fit=720%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-554.png?resize=720%2C407&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-554.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-554.png?resize=300%2C170&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\">U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment 2023<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Critical Materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Energy Act of 2020 defines a \u201c<strong>critical material<\/strong>\u201d as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Any non-fuel mineral, element, substance, or material that the Secretary of Energy determines: (i) has a high risk of supply chain disruption; and (ii) serves an essential function in one or more energy technologies, including technologies that produce, transmit, store, and conserve energy; or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A critical mineral, as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2022\/02\/24\/2022-04027\/2022-final-list-of-critical-minerals\">defined by the Secretary of the Interior<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Energy Act of 2020 defines a \u201c<strong>critical mineral<\/strong>\u201d as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Any mineral, element, substance, or material designated as critical by the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/cmm\/what-are-critical-materials-and-critical-minerals\">US Department of Energy<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The US DOE\u2019s 2023 critical materials report is an odd combination of wishful thinking and reality checks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wishful Thinking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Executive Summary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The global effort to curb carbon emissions is accelerating demand for clean energy technologies and the materials they rely on. Demand for these materials will only continue to grow, especially as some nations aim to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. While some major materials like steel, copper, and aluminum are already powering the fossil fuel economy, others are more minor materials with potential supply risks. These risks could jeopardize the ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the desirable timeframe to avoid significant climate change. In some cases, it may be necessary to take action to improve the resilience of these material supply chains and mitigate supply risks. Understanding the importance of individual materials to clean energy and the supply risks associated with them is necessary to identifying which materials may serve as potential roadblocks to a clean energy future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u2026]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\">U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment 2023<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pretty well all of the assessed individual materials face roadblocks, irrespective of the government\u2019s clean energy wishes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reality Checks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The report assesses the supply of critical materials under four scenarios:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Demand trajectories were developed for each material that passed the screening in Chapter 3. For each material, four trajectories were developed using high and low market penetration and material intensity assumptions for different energy technologies\/applications, shown in Table 4.1. The goal of these trajectories is not to predict the future, but to outline various possibilities of material demand that can inform RD&amp;D strategies.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\">U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment 2023<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"270\" data-attachment-id=\"284320\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284320\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-555.png?fit=720%2C270&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,270\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-555\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-555.png?fit=720%2C270&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-555.png?resize=720%2C270&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284320\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-555.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-555.png?resize=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\">U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment 2023<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DOE forecasts that the demand for copper for uses other than energy (gray curve) will exceed current production by 2035. They forecast that copper demand will exceed current production capacity by the end of this decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"485\" data-attachment-id=\"284321\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284321\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-556.png?fit=720%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,485\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-556\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-556.png?fit=720%2C485&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-556.png?resize=720%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284321\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-556.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-556.png?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DOE forecasts that cobalt demand will exceed production capacity by 2025 in three of the four trajectories. Cobalt is a key ingredient in long-range electric vehicle batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"489\" data-attachment-id=\"284323\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284323\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-557.png?fit=720%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,489\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-557\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-557.png?fit=720%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-557.png?resize=720%2C489&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284323\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-557.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-557.png?resize=300%2C204&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The comma in 50,0000 is obviously misplaced; it should be 500,000.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\">U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment 2023<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The demand for almost all of the assessed materials quickly exceeds production capacity in almost all of the scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You Can\u2019t Get There From Here<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identified world terrestrial cobalt resources are about 25 million tons. The vast majority of these resources are in sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits in Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia; nickel-bearing laterite deposits in Australia and nearby island countries and Cuba; and magmatic nickel-copper sulfide deposits hosted in mafic and ultramafic rocks in Australia, Canada, Russia, and the United States. More than 120 million tons of cobalt resources have been identified in polymetallic nodules and crusts on the floor of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2023\/mcs2023-cobalt.pdf\">USGS<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2023\/mcs2023-cobalt.pdf\">USGS<\/a>\u00a0estimates the current global cobalt\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www2.bgs.ac.uk\/mineralsuk\/mineralsYou\/resourcesReserves.html#:~:text=That%20part%20of%20a%20mineral,is%20called%20a%20mineral%20reserve.\">reserves<\/a>\u00a0to be 8,300,000 tonnes. Trajectory D would burn through the global cobalt reserves by the end of this decade. At the 2035 rate of 2,700,000 tonnes\/year, Trajectory D would eat up the entire terrestrial resource in less than a decade.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"338\" height=\"368\" data-attachment-id=\"284324\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284324\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-558.png?fit=338%2C368&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"338,368\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-558\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-558.png?fit=338%2C368&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-558.png?resize=338%2C368&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284324\" style=\"width:548px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-558.png?w=338&amp;ssl=1 338w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-558.png?resize=276%2C300&amp;ssl=1 276w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Reserves vs Resources (<a href=\"https:\/\/www2.bgs.ac.uk\/mineralsuk\/mineralsYou\/resourcesReserves.html#:~:text=That%20part%20of%20a%20mineral,is%20called%20a%20mineral%20reserve.\">BGS<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who\u2019s up for Deep-Sea Mining?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the nodules appear in various places around the deep ocean, the primary target of potential mining is the Pacific\u2019s Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), a 5,000-kilometer stretch of seafloor between Hawaii and California that extends 4,000\u20135,500 meters deep. The CCZ hosts trillions of mineral-rich nodules.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"723\" data-attachment-id=\"284326\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284326\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?fit=780%2C780&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"780,780\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-559\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?fit=723%2C723&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=723%2C723&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?w=780&amp;ssl=1 780w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=400%2C400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=450%2C450&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-559.png?resize=550%2C550&amp;ssl=1 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The Clarion-Clipperton Zone spans approximately 4,500,000 square kilometers. Credit:\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research-and-innovation\/en\/horizon-magazine\/deep-sea-mining-it-environmental-curse-or-could-it-save-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Horizon<\/a><em>,\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reaching the nodules involves a three-stage process: First, a support ship lowers a remotely operated vehicle to the seafloor. Next, the vehicle\u2014like a Roomba vacuum for seafloor mining\u2014drives around through the soft sediments scooping up nodules. Last, a large pipe sucks the nodules to the ship above. Cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel can then be extracted from the nodules during onshore processing and refining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A dozen European and Asian countries and several island nations have sponsored companies for exploration permits so far. The United States cannot apply for permitting through ISA because it has not ratified the treaty that presides over it, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/Depts\/los\/convention_agreements\/texts\/unclos\/UNCLOS-TOC.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea<\/a>. However, a subsidiary of the U.K. arm of the American company Lockheed Martin, UK Seabed Resources, has two permits for exploratory mining.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No need to worry about&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/seabedminingsciencestatement.org\/\">environmental issues<\/a>\u2026 Wink, wink, nudge, nudge. I wonder how many opponents of offshore oil &amp; gas drilling will be all for deep-sea mining?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Are You Psyched Up for Asteroid Mining?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"opportunities-in-asteroid-mining\">Opportunities in Asteroid Mining<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Generally, asteroid mining remains hypothetical, mostly because of its exorbitant cost. While specific estimates of the cost of commercial mining remain unclear, similarities can be drawn between such programs and NASA\u2019s OSIRIS-REx mission, which seeks to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/press-release\/nasa-prepares-to-launch-first-us-asteroid-sample-return-mission?ref=hir.harvard.edu\">obtain&nbsp;<\/a>samples from a near-earth asteroid named Bennu. Despite only being projected to return between 400 grams and 1 kilogram of material, the mission is projected to take 7 years and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/space-policy\/cost-of-osiris-rex?ref=hir.harvard.edu#:~:text=The%20OSIRIS%2DREx%20mission%20is,to%20cost%20approximately%20%24283%20million.\">cost<\/a>&nbsp;over US$1 billion. Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries were unable to finance themselves to meet such high development costs. Both companies were acquired by other businesses in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/asteroid-mining-company-planetary-resources-acquired-by-blockchain-firm\/?ref=hir.harvard.edu\">2018<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/deep-space-industries-acquired-by-bradford-space\/?ref=hir.harvard.edu\">2019<\/a>, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the high price tag, the development of asteroid mining technology may very well be a worthwhile endeavor due to the extremely valuable resources that asteroids have to offer. For example, Asterank, which measures the potential value of over 6,000 asteroids that NASA currently tracks, has determined that mining just the top 10 most cost-effective asteroids\u2013that is, those that are both closest to Earth and greatest in value\u2013would&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mashable.com\/feature\/asteroid-mining-space-economy?ref=hir.harvard.edu\">produce<\/a>&nbsp;a profit of around US$1.5 trillion. There is also great potential for further expansion. One asteroid, 16 Psyche, has been&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theprint.in\/opinion\/giant-asteroid-has-gold-worth-700-quintillion-but-it-wont-make-us-richer\/260482\/?ref=hir.harvard.edu\">reported<\/a>&nbsp;to contain US$700 quintillion worth of gold, enough for every person on earth to receive about US$93 billion.<a href=\"https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/economics-of-the-stars\/\">Harvard International Review<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maybe the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nasa.gov\/psyche\/\">Psyche<\/a>&nbsp;mission will save the day. Although, recent work indicates that the mineral treasure trove might be&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/asteroids\/16-psyche\/\">less than originally thought<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Better start rounding up the world\u2019s best deep core drillers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XVRa-XDnsS4?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meet the New Oil, Same as the Old Oil<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Texas Sees Host of Oil and Gas Records<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/Author\/52\/AndreasExarheas\/\">Andreas Exarheas<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">|<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rigzone Staff<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">|<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wednesday, October 18, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Texas has seen a host of oil and gas related records recently, the Texas Oil &amp; Gas Association\u2019s (TXOGA) latest monthly energy economic analysis, which is prepared by the organization\u2019s Chief Economist Dean Foreman, pointed out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the analysis, TXOGA estimated that, for the month of September, Texas saw its highest crude oil production rate ever, at 5.9 million barrels per day, and its highest natural gas production gross withdrawal figure ever, at 34.6 billion cubic feet per day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u2026]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/texas_sees_host_of_oil_and_gas_records-18-oct-2023-174392-article\/\">Rigzone<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"360\" data-attachment-id=\"284329\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=284329\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-560.png?fit=720%2C360&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,360\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-560\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-560.png?fit=720%2C360&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-560.png?resize=720%2C360&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284329\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-560.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-560.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Frac On Dudes!<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cobalt \u2013 USGS Publications Warehouse. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2023\/mcs2023-cobalt.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2023\/mcs2023-cobalt.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Duncombe, J. (2022), The 2-year countdown to deep-sea mining,&nbsp;<em>Eos, 103,&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022EO220040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022EO220040<\/a>. Published on 24 January 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kireta, A. (2023, October 18).&nbsp;<em>Copper Is Critical for America\u2019s New Energy Economy<\/em>. RealClearEnergy. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearenergy.org\/articles\/2023\/10\/18\/doe_is_right_copper_is_critical_for_americas_new_energy_economy_986948.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.realclearenergy.org\/articles\/2023\/10\/18\/doe_is_right_copper_is_critical_for_americas_new_energy_economy_986948.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment (2023). Retrieved October 19, 2023, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yarlagadda, S. (2022, April 8).&nbsp;<em>Economics of the Stars: The future of asteroid mining and the global economy<\/em>. Harvard International Review. <a href=\"https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/economics-of-the-stars\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/economics-of-the-stars\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Critical materials for energy: aluminum, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, electrical steel, fluorine, gallium, iridium, lithium, magnesium, natural graphite, neodymium, nickel, platinum, praseodymium, silicon, silicon carbide and terbium. From Watts Up With That? Guest \u201cThere\u2019s copper in them thar hills\u201d by David Middleton Copper Is Critical for America\u2019s New Energy Economy By&nbsp;Andy Kireta, Jr.October 18, 2023 The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":284331,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Critical materials for energy: aluminum, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, electrical steel, fluorine, gallium, iridium, lithium, magnesium, natural graphite, neodymium, nickel, platinum, praseodymium, silicon, silicon carbide and terbium.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691823839,691818265,691823838,691818263,691823836,691823837,691823835],"class_list":{"0":"post-284317","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-asteroid-mining","9":"tag-cobalt","10":"tag-congo-kinshasa","11":"tag-copper","12":"tag-critical-material","13":"tag-major-materials","14":"tag-u-s-department-of-energys-doe","16":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/01095769.jpg?fit=1123%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1bXL","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":343367,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=343367","url_meta":{"origin":284317,"position":0},"title":"The environmental downside of electric vehicles","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"16\/09\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"At one time, \u201cSaving the Environment\u201d and \u201cFighting Climate Change\u201d were synonymous. That is no longer true. The quest for Clean Energy through electric vehicles (EVs) epitomizes \u201cthe end justifies the means.\u201d According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), an electric vehicle requires six times the mineral inputs of a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"clean energy\"","block_context":{"text":"clean energy","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=clean-energy"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/OIG-74.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/OIG-74.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/OIG-74.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/OIG-74.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":383057,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=383057","url_meta":{"origin":284317,"position":1},"title":"Fritz Vahrenholt: The expansion of renewable energies will fail due to the shortage of critical metals","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"13\/06\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The new German government is also sticking to the goal of\u00a0climate neutrality in 2045. To achieve this, it relies on the 100% expansion of renewable energies for energy supply (apart from the planned 20 GW of gas-fired power plants with CO2 capture, which the federal government wants to allow to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"cobalt\"","block_context":{"text":"cobalt","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=cobalt"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/00ChatGPT-Image-13.-Juni-2025-09_53_24.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/00ChatGPT-Image-13.-Juni-2025-09_53_24.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/00ChatGPT-Image-13.-Juni-2025-09_53_24.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/00ChatGPT-Image-13.-Juni-2025-09_53_24.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/00ChatGPT-Image-13.-Juni-2025-09_53_24.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":197380,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=197380","url_meta":{"origin":284317,"position":2},"title":"Study quantifies metal supplies needed to reach EU\u2019s climate neutrality goal","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"26\/04\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Independent KU Leuven university study, commissioned by EU industry, echoes IEA warning of severe global competition for several metals needed in Europe\u2019s energy transition away from fossil fuelsReports and Proceedings KU LEUVEN \/ EUROMETAUX IMAGE:\u00a0MEETING THE EUROPEAN UNION\u2019S GREEN DEAL GOAL OF CLIMATE NEUTRALITY BY 2050 WILL REQUIRE 35 TIMES\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0Low-Res_Screen.webp?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0Low-Res_Screen.webp?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0Low-Res_Screen.webp?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0Low-Res_Screen.webp?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":195521,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=195521","url_meta":{"origin":284317,"position":3},"title":"It\u2019s time for transparency of the embedded costs of going \u201cgreen\u201d","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/04\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Money to burn concept, one-hundred-dollar bills burning in a toaster The worldwide movement toward the electrification of everything, from intermittent electricity by industrial wind and solar farms, to more electric vehicles, the political actions are supportive of jumping onto the green train, most-likely not knowing\u00a0there is a darker side of\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0san-francisco-fed-promotes-climate-adaptation-loans.jpg?fit=848%2C565&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0san-francisco-fed-promotes-climate-adaptation-loans.jpg?fit=848%2C565&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0san-francisco-fed-promotes-climate-adaptation-loans.jpg?fit=848%2C565&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/0san-francisco-fed-promotes-climate-adaptation-loans.jpg?fit=848%2C565&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":418955,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=418955","url_meta":{"origin":284317,"position":4},"title":"When the energy transition runs out of raw materials","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"28\/12\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"We all know the story: wind and sun are available in unlimited quantities, clean and sustainable. The technology is there; you just have to expand it. If it weren't for a small detail that is often overlooked in the colorful brochures of the energy transition: the raw materials. Because while\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"\"Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025\"\"","block_context":{"text":"\"Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025\"","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQMorKb-PbE9-PrO1YaFmRrZYudqwE2S3Od-PaXX4NMAf83KD4K3Fb4aIPu6ScJNG3UCcObFXATPINQcZo-3xXOeybuZcSdMnOKqowpPf7gy1_HsFByCNTMivPdg9bw-1.jpeg?fit=1178%2C780&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQMorKb-PbE9-PrO1YaFmRrZYudqwE2S3Od-PaXX4NMAf83KD4K3Fb4aIPu6ScJNG3UCcObFXATPINQcZo-3xXOeybuZcSdMnOKqowpPf7gy1_HsFByCNTMivPdg9bw-1.jpeg?fit=1178%2C780&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQMorKb-PbE9-PrO1YaFmRrZYudqwE2S3Od-PaXX4NMAf83KD4K3Fb4aIPu6ScJNG3UCcObFXATPINQcZo-3xXOeybuZcSdMnOKqowpPf7gy1_HsFByCNTMivPdg9bw-1.jpeg?fit=1178%2C780&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQMorKb-PbE9-PrO1YaFmRrZYudqwE2S3Od-PaXX4NMAf83KD4K3Fb4aIPu6ScJNG3UCcObFXATPINQcZo-3xXOeybuZcSdMnOKqowpPf7gy1_HsFByCNTMivPdg9bw-1.jpeg?fit=1178%2C780&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/AQMorKb-PbE9-PrO1YaFmRrZYudqwE2S3Od-PaXX4NMAf83KD4K3Fb4aIPu6ScJNG3UCcObFXATPINQcZo-3xXOeybuZcSdMnOKqowpPf7gy1_HsFByCNTMivPdg9bw-1.jpeg?fit=1178%2C780&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":363651,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=363651","url_meta":{"origin":284317,"position":5},"title":"Mine, baby, mine!","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"27\/01\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"President Trump is determined to make America not just energy self-sufficient, but energy\u00a0dominant. The USA already\u00a0produces more oil and gas\u00a0than any other nation, and he intends to unleash its full potential \u2013 for energy\u00a0and\u00a0for petrochemical feedstocks for 6,000+ pharmaceutical, plastic, paint, fabric, cosmetic and other products. As he puts it,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"1964 Wilderness Act\"","block_context":{"text":"1964 Wilderness Act","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=1964-wilderness-act"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0Screenshot-2025-01-27-115222.png?fit=1200%2C797&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0Screenshot-2025-01-27-115222.png?fit=1200%2C797&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0Screenshot-2025-01-27-115222.png?fit=1200%2C797&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0Screenshot-2025-01-27-115222.png?fit=1200%2C797&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/0Screenshot-2025-01-27-115222.png?fit=1200%2C797&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/284317","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=284317"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/284317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":284336,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/284317\/revisions\/284336"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/284331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=284317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=284317"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=284317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}