{"id":279381,"date":"2023-09-19T11:29:29","date_gmt":"2023-09-19T09:29:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=279381"},"modified":"2023-09-19T11:29:32","modified_gmt":"2023-09-19T09:29:32","slug":"a-heated-debate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=279381","title":{"rendered":"A Heated Debate"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Climate Scepticism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

BY\u00a0MARK HODGSON<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pumping it up again<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Hot Off The Press<\/a> I reported on a Guardian article that appeared on 30th<\/sup> May this year, seeking to spin a survey on heat pumps. To my mind, the survey was much more equivocal regarding satisfaction with heat pumps than the Guardian piece suggested. Well, now they\u2019re at it again, with another article<\/a>, with the heading \u201cHeat pumps twice as efficient as fossil fuel systems in cold weather, study finds<\/em>\u201d and sub-heading \u201cDoubts about whether heat pumps work well in subzero conditions shown to be unfounded, say researchers<\/em>\u201d. The article is based on a study<\/a> with the title \u201cComing in from the cold: Heat pump efficiency at low temperatures<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The article claims that research shows heat pumps to be more than twice as efficient as fossil fuels at low temperatures, out-performing oil and gas heating systems even at temperatures as low as -30C. The UK is falling behind with regard to the heat pump roll-out (you can say that again), and it\u2019s because people have been scared by false information regarding their efficacy at low temperatures. We are also told:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The UK government is consulting on proposals for incentives to households to take up heat pumps, which at about \u00a37,000 or more can cost two or three times as much up front as gas boilers. Boiler companies are also to be penalised if they fail to sell enough heat pumps, under a \u201cmarket-based mechanism\u201d that will require them to sell a certain quota of heat pumps or pay a penalty.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some proponents of gas boilers have railed against the quota, which they claim will add costs to consumers, and at least one boiler company has responded by telling customers that the price of new gas boilers is likely to go up as a result of this green measure.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The second of those two paragraphs is more than a little strange, carrying with it the implication that the proponents of gas boilers and \u201cat least one boiler company\u201d are somehow behaving badly in making such claims, since it\u2019s abundantly obvious that the \u201cclaims\u201d (note the loaded language) are clearly correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be that as it may, we should look at the survey which provided the hook on which the Guardian hangs yet another heat pump article. It was published on 11th<\/sup>\u00a0September 2023, and has four co-authors. The first named are Duncan Gibb, \u201ca senior advisor at the Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP), a global team of highly skilled energy experts with a focus on heat decarbonization\u00a0<\/em>policy\u201d, and Jan Rosenow, also of RAP. RAP, according to its\u00a0website<\/a>\u00a0is \u201can independent, global, non-governmental organization advancing policy innovation and thought leadership within the energy community.<\/em>\u201d Independent, perhaps, but with a very definite interest in pushing things like heat pumps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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For more than three decades, RAP has been a leader in developing solutions to the world\u2019s most pressing power sector challenges. In the next five years RAP will focus on key policy areas to drive a more efficient and equitable decarbonized energy future and to ensure a sustainable and just transition: Accelerate electrification of buildings and transportation; accelerate the phaseout of gas infrastructure; remove barriers to distributed energy resources; and decarbonize the electric grid.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Messrs Gibb and Rosenow regularly write articles extolling the virtues of heat pumps, such as \u201cHow the energy crisis is boosting heat pumps in Europe<\/em>\u201d<\/a> and \u201cHow to solve the UK\u2019s heat pump problem<\/em>\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The two other authors are Dr Richard Lowes (also of RAP) and Professor Neil Hewitt<\/a>, Head of School at the Belfast School of Architecture and Built Environment at Ulster University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All four gentlemen are highly qualified and knowledgeable about heat pumps. I think it\u2019s probably also fair to say that they are all rather keen on decarbonisation generally, and heat pumps specifically. Not that this in any way invalidates their research and findings, but when analysing their study, I think it\u2019s worth bearing in mind that they may start with a predisposition to encourage heat pump take-up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the introductory paragraph makes clear, the object of the study is to analyse \u201cfield studies with real-world performance data of air-source heat pumps<\/em>\u201d with a view to responding to the suggestion \u201cthat heat pumps cannot deliver useful efficiencies at lower temperatures.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>Perhaps I am being unkind, but it seems to me that the starting-point is to seek evidence that will help to debunk criticism of the efficacy of heat pumps when the temperature is very low (i.e. precisely when a good heating system is most needed). In the words of the authors, their \u201ccommentary responds to this question<\/em>\u201d. And this is the conclusion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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It finds that well below 0\u00b0C, heat pump efficiency is still significantly higher than fossil fuel and electric resistive heating systems at an appliance level. The standard heat pumps investigated in this commentary demonstrate suitable coefficients of performance for providing efficient heating during cold winters where temperatures rarely fall below \u221210\u00b0C, i.e., most of Europe.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

I accept that finding at face value, of course. However, there are issues that suggest that notwithstanding the findings, heat pumps really are not the answer for many UK householders, though the study does not mention these, or at least, insofar as it does, it doesn\u2019t draw that conclusion. The first issue is with regard to the price of gas and electricity for UK domestic consumers. A quick visit to a\u00a0price comparison website<\/a>\u00a0suggests that electricity in the UK currently costs domestic consumers somewhere between 26.6p and 28.67p per Kwh, with an across-the-board daily standing charge of 42p. For gas, the daily standard charge is set at two-thirds that level, at 28p. However, the Kwh charge is\u00a0much<\/strong>\u00a0cheaper, with prices ranging from 6.46p to 7.21p. Roughly speaking then, electricity is around four times as expensive as gas to use, with a daily charge that is 50% higher. Ignoring the costs of changing a gas boiler for a heat pump (though in the real world, such a cost is all too relevant), installing a heat pump would seem to make sense for most householders only if a heat pump\u2019s efficiency was four times greater than the efficiency of a gas boiler (all other things being equal). Does the study find this to be the case? This is the finding:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Heat pump efficiency is measured by the device\u2019s coefficient of performance (COP), the ratio of the useful heat outputted to energy consumed. Typical COP values for heat pumps lie in the range of 3\u20136, indicating that 3 to 6 units of heat are created from each unit of electricity used. A year-round average COP of 3\u20134 is common for household applications.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

If I understand it correctly, the COP of a standard gas boiler is around 0.9 (see, e.g.\u00a0here<\/a>). And so, all things being equal (except that they\u2019re not), at first blush the heat pump might seem to pass that test. But even then there\u2019s a problem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The temperature difference between a heat pump\u2019s source (the outside air) and sink (heating supply location) plays a determining role in the COP and, therefore, its overall performance. If the source temperature dips and the sink temperature is maintained, the COP falls. Around freezing temperatures, air-source heat pumps also can experience a reduction in COP due to the defrosting of external components.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

That \u201cyear-round average COP of 3\u20134\u201d\u00a0<\/em>for heat pumps is just that \u2013 a year-round average. In warm summer weather (when the heat pump is little-used, if it is used at all), the COP will be above that figure. And in cold winter weather (when the heating source is most urgently required) the COP will be below that figure \u2013 and the colder it gets, the lower the COP will be. In fact, we are told:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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When the outside temperature was between 5\u00b0C and \u221210\u00b0C, the mean COP across all systems was 2.74 and the median was 2.62, sufficient to meet heating loads at much higher efficiency than fossil heating and electric resistance heat alternatives.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Also:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Below 0\u00b0C, the COP maintains a level well above 2 in all cases, meaning that an air-source heat pump would operate at more than twice the efficiency of combustion or resistive electric heating technology.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Thus, even though heat pumps do \u201cdemonstrate suitable coefficients of performance for providing efficient heating during cold winters\u201d<\/em>, and even though they may be wonders of efficiency, they will still be significantly more expensive than gas boilers to use in winter for the average UK householder (up to twice as expensive).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study seeks to justify the underlying theme that heat pumps are fine in cold countries, by including statistics demonstrating high heat pump penetration in Estonia and in Scandinavian countries. But we are told nothing about energy pricing in those countries, and the authors go on to concede that \u201c[t]he data do not provide insights about the achieved efficiency of those heat pumps<\/em>\u201d while nevertheless optimistically inferring that \u201ct<\/em>he large share of household installations suggests that heat pumps can effectively provide heating in colder climates.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perhaps the optimistic inference\u00a0is<\/strong>\u00a0justified, but in order to establish that, we would need to know much more about the nature of the housing stock in those countries compared to the state of the UK\u2019s housing stock.\u00a0Surprisingly perhaps, I can see scarcely any attention paid to this issue at all. Instead, there is an almost throwaway remark to the effect that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In any case, to mitigate the impact of peak heating loads on energy systems, efforts can be made toward improving the performance of the building stock to minimize load and level off heating demand peaks, as well as encourage demand response.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

And as to the claim that \u201cthat heat pumps can be successfully installed in these conditions without concerns over performance or the need for back-up heating capacity<\/em>\u201d, that is subject to this rather important, but casually mentioned caveat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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This is subject to thorough heating system design and a high-quality installation in a building.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Further, as I mentioned above, all things are not equal when comparing heat pumps with gas boilers. Much of the UK\u2019s housing stock is old and badly insulated. Much of it would need expensive works to be implemented before heat pumps could be installed and provide adequate heating. As the Homebuilding website I referred to above says:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultimately, if you opt for a heat pump rather than a gas boiler, you will need to size the radiators and\/or UFH pipe lengths very precisely.\u00a0<\/strong>You will also need to be able to control the speed of the water in the circuit as well as the delivery of heat to the circuit. The balance is critical and certainly not always possible in older or \u2018energy hungry\u2019 properties.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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So, if you ask yourself \u2018should I swap my gas boiler for a heat pump?\u2019, you need to be aware that you\u2019ll likely need to update your existing radiators and pipework, as well as your heat source, in an existing home.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The study concludes with a statement that the authors declare no competing interests, but also with an acknowledgement that \u201c[t]his work was funded by a grant by the Crux Alliance<\/em>.\u201d Of course, the source of funding doesn\u2019t invalidate the study\u2019s findings, but it\u2019s perhaps worth noting that the\u00a0Crux Alliance<\/a>\u00a0(as its website puts it) is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u2026a group of globally recognized, technically expert organizations that are laser-focused on advancing policies\u2014unbiased, pragmatic, and localized\u2014to generate powerful action in the countries and sectors that matter most for carbon reduction. The members of the Crux Alliance, known as Crux Policy Centers (CPCs), support policymakers around the world working to retire polluting power plants and to replace polluting vehicles, factories, and buildings with low-carbon alternatives\u2014and to grow these alternatives at speed and scale. The Crux Alliance is all about getting climate policy right, right now.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In other words, it might not be too unfair to say that it has a policy position that is probably keen to encourage (among other things) the uptake of heat pumps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As I see it, the study makes the case that heat pumps can work in cold temperatures, and that in some countries with cold winters they are widely used. It does not<\/strong> go on to make the case that it makes financial (or any other) sense to encourage a large-scale swapping of gas boilers for heat pumps in the UK, with its often inappropriate housing stock, expensive electricity (compared to the price of domestic gas) and high up-front costs. I see nothing in it to justify the tenor of the Guardian article reporting on it, to the effect that the UK should \u201cbring in new measures to roll them [heat pumps] out as rapidly as possible.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In\u00a0Hot Off The Press\u00a0I reported on a Guardian article that appeared on 30th\u00a0May this year, seeking to spin a survey on heat pumps. To my mind, the survey was much more equivocal regarding satisfaction with heat pumps than the Guardian piece suggested. Well, now they\u2019re at it again, with\u00a0another article, with the heading \u201cHeat pumps twice as efficient as fossil fuel systems in cold weather, study finds\u201d and sub-heading \u201cDoubts about whether heat pumps work well in subzero conditions shown to be unfounded, say researchers\u201d. The article is based on a\u00a0study\u00a0with the title \u201cComing in from the cold: Heat pump efficiency at low temperatures\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":279391,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691822726,691819630,691818198,691822725,691818373],"class_list":{"0":"post-279381","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-coefficient-of-performance-cop","9":"tag-energy-crisis","10":"tag-heat-pumps","11":"tag-regulatory-assistance-project-rap","12":"tag-uk-government","14":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/00Shining-freezing.webp?fit=1280%2C959&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1aG9","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":259799,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=259799","url_meta":{"origin":279381,"position":0},"title":"Hot Off The\u00a0Press","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"31\/05\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Not surprisingly the Guardian has seized on the Nesta survey as being evidence that \u201c[m]ore than 80% of households that have replaced their gas boilers with an electric heat pump are satisfied with their new heating system, according to the first major survey of heat pump users.\u201d I think the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Carbon Fund\"","block_context":{"text":"Carbon Fund","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=carbon-fund"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00d9425ead1a7997c06273f016e0d2fed3.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00d9425ead1a7997c06273f016e0d2fed3.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00d9425ead1a7997c06273f016e0d2fed3.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00d9425ead1a7997c06273f016e0d2fed3.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00d9425ead1a7997c06273f016e0d2fed3.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":256759,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=256759","url_meta":{"origin":279381,"position":1},"title":"Heating supplier: Why are we only talking about heat pumps?\u00a0","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/05\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Because the government can claim, rightly or not, that they\u2019re cheaper to run than gas boilers? Like electric cars, heat pumps are best suited (if at all) for financial and other reasons to certain categories of property dweller, and the rest\u2026not so much.","rel":"","context":"In \"Heat pumps\"","block_context":{"text":"Heat pumps","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=heat-pumps"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/01600px_COLOURBOX53481881.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/01600px_COLOURBOX53481881.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/01600px_COLOURBOX53481881.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/01600px_COLOURBOX53481881.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/01600px_COLOURBOX53481881.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":292269,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=292269","url_meta":{"origin":279381,"position":2},"title":"Heat Pump Costings","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"22\/12\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Time to take another look at heat pump costs, both installation and running.","rel":"","context":"In \"coefficient of performance (COP)\"","block_context":{"text":"coefficient of performance (COP)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=coefficient-of-performance-cop"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/092-922446_falling-burning-money-png-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/092-922446_falling-burning-money-png-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/092-922446_falling-burning-money-png-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/092-922446_falling-burning-money-png-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/092-922446_falling-burning-money-png-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":254977,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=254977","url_meta":{"origin":279381,"position":3},"title":"Are Heat Pumps Cheaper To Run? Don\u2019t Believe Octopus!","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"27\/04\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Don\u2019t believe the lies from Octopus Energy","rel":"","context":"In \"electricity\"","block_context":{"text":"electricity","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=electricity"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-494.png?fit=1024%2C562&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-494.png?fit=1024%2C562&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-494.png?fit=1024%2C562&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-494.png?fit=1024%2C562&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":427563,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=427563","url_meta":{"origin":279381,"position":4},"title":"Heat Pumps: Efficient on paper, complicated in reality","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"23\/02\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Heat pumps are having a moment. Governments promote them, utilities love them, and they are, now more often than ever, described as an obvious replacement for fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas), fueled heating. The basic idea sounds great\u2026a heat pump works like a reverse refrigerator. Instead of \u201cpushing heat out,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"coal\"","block_context":{"text":"coal","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=coal"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0Screenshot-2026-02-23-143422.png?fit=1200%2C609&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0Screenshot-2026-02-23-143422.png?fit=1200%2C609&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0Screenshot-2026-02-23-143422.png?fit=1200%2C609&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0Screenshot-2026-02-23-143422.png?fit=1200%2C609&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/0Screenshot-2026-02-23-143422.png?fit=1200%2C609&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":271092,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=271092","url_meta":{"origin":279381,"position":5},"title":"Major Heat Pump Supplier Attacks Plans to Replace Gas Boilers With Heat Pumps Saying They \u201cDon\u2019t Work\u201d in the Cold","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/08\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"In a stunning intervention, a major heat pump supplier has\u00a0attacked Scottish Government plans to use them to replace gas boilers in Scotland, warning they don\u2019t work well enough in the cold.","rel":"","context":"In \"fossil fuels\"","block_context":{"text":"fossil fuels","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=fossil-fuels"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/00HeatPumps-1024x768-1.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/00HeatPumps-1024x768-1.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/00HeatPumps-1024x768-1.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/00HeatPumps-1024x768-1.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=279381"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":279393,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279381\/revisions\/279393"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/279391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=279381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=279381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=279381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}