{"id":277853,"date":"2023-09-08T14:33:35","date_gmt":"2023-09-08T12:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=277853"},"modified":"2023-09-08T14:34:06","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T12:34:06","slug":"farms-that-create-habitat-key-to-food-security-and-biodiversity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=277853","title":{"rendered":"Farms that Create Habitat Key to Food Security and Biodiversity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Peer-Reviewed Publication<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

STANFORD UNIVERSITY<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It seems intuitive that forests would provide better habitat for forest-dwelling wildlife than farms. Yet, in one of the longest-running studies of tropical wildlife populations in the world, Stanford researchers found that over 18 years, smaller farms with varying crop types \u2013 interspersed with patches or ribbons of forest \u2013 sustain many forest-dependent bird populations in Costa Rica, even as populations decline in forests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a paper published Sept. 4 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, Nicholas Hendershot and colleagues compared trends in specific bird populations across three landscape types in Costa Rica: forests, diversified farms, and intensive agriculture. The steepest declines were found in forests, then in intensive agriculture (and the species succeeding in intensive agriculture were often invasive). But on diversified farms, a significant subset of bird species typically found in forests, including some of conservation concern, actually increased over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBirds are kind of a proxy we use to track the health of ecosystems. And the birds we\u2019re seeing today aren\u2019t the same as we saw 18 to 20 years ago. This paper really documents this pattern,\u201d said Hendershot, a postdoctoral fellow at the time of this research in Stanford\u2019s Department of Biology in the School of Humanities and Sciences (H&S)<\/a>, the Stanford Center for Conservation Biology<\/a> (CCB), and the Stanford-based Natural Capital Project<\/a> (NatCap).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Food security at stake<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While this research implies that diversified farming could be key for biodiversity, the relationship goes both ways: biodiversity is key for food security. In this case, that means having a variety of types of birds feeding on insects and helping to pollinate crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIdentity does seem to matter a lot for pest control and other ecosystem services birds provide. These species are not interchangeable,\u201d said Hendershot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe need a constant stream of pollinators servicing farms. About three-quarters of the world\u2019s crops require pollinators to some extent, and that 75% is our most nutritious food \u2013 think of all the vitamins and minerals packed into fruits, nuts, and veggies,\u201d explained Gretchen Daily<\/a>, faculty director of NatCap and CCB, Bing Professor of Environmental Science in H&S, and a senior author on the paper. \u201cWe need a constant stream of birds, bats, and other wildlife to help control pests: they suppress the vast majority naturally. And we need to start building flood protection, water purification, carbon storage, and many other vital benefits back into agricultural landscapes, way beyond what can be achieved in protected areas alone.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daily also noted that, in terms of food production, diversified farms are not necessarily lower yielding than intensive agriculture. \u201cThis is a recent assumption that is being overturned,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyond protected areas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It has become increasingly apparent around the world that while protected areas remain critical, they are too few and far between to provide the ecosystem services people and nature need to thrive. Working landscapes are crucial now for preserving biodiversity and its benefits. \u201cPeople, including scientists, had the idea that farmland would not support a meaningful amount of biodiversity,\u201d said Daily. In this case, not only are diversified farms themselves providing habitat, they connect otherwise fragmented forested areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over time, Hendershot said, \u201cI have moved away from the \u2018fortress conservation\u2019 model, which focused more on creating protected areas separate from human activities, and see more and more how much potential there is outside of forests. The forests are key \u2013 we need them, of course. But in addition to that, I\u2019m always surprised by how important how <\/em>you manage a farm is for biodiversity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe believe the findings of our research are new to science, but in a sense, it merely confirms what Indigenous communities around the world have already known for a long time, which is that humans can and should have reciprocal relationships with the rest of the local ecological community they are part of,\u201d said Tadashi Fukami<\/a>, a professor of biology in H&S and of Earth system science in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability<\/a> and a co-author of the paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Incentivizing farmers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the 1980s and 90s, deforestation was occurring in Costa Rica at the fastest rate ever seen on a country scale. Then, they turned it around \u2013 becoming a renowned model of success. By setting up the world\u2019s first countrywide payment for ecosystem services (PES) program, Costa Rica reversed this trend: today, forests cover almost 60% of its land, up from 40% in 1987.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The country currently aims to double the amount of protected forest in just a few years. In its existing PES program, any landowner can receive money for reforesting even small parts of their land. Now, the government is also working toward a new PES program to incentivize farmers to adopt best management practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study will help inform Costa Rican policymakers in understanding the benefits provided over time by different farming practices. Said Daily, \u201cWe need to recognize the vital work many farmers are doing that supports biodiversity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nicholas Hendershot was a postdoctoral researcher with the <\/em>Center for Conservation Biology<\/em><\/a> at Stanford and is now a forest ecologist with The Nature Conservancy-California. Gretchen Daily is also a senior fellow in the <\/em>Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment<\/em><\/a>. Other co-authors on the paper are Alejandra Echeverri, a senior scientist at the Natural Capital Project, Luke Frishkoff of the <\/em>University of Texas at Arlington<\/em><\/a>, and prominent Costa Rican ornithologist Jim Zook.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hendershot\u2019s work was supported by the Gerhard Casper and John P. Morgridge Stanford Graduate Fellowship, the OTS Emerging Challenges in Tropical Science Fellowship, and the Winslow Foundation. Funding for data collection from 1999-2017 was generously provided to Daily by the LuEsther T. Mertz Charitable Trust, the Moore Family Foundation, and the Winslow Foundation.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

JOURNAL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DOI<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

10.1073\/pnas.2303937120 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARTICLE TITLE<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Diversified farms bolster forest-bird populations despite ongoing declines in tropical forests<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

5-Sep-2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From EurekAlert!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It seems intuitive that forests would provide better habitat for forest-dwelling wildlife than farms. Yet, in one of the longest-running studies of tropical wildlife populations in the world, Stanford researchers found that over 18 years, smaller farms with varying crop types \u2013 interspersed with patches or ribbons of forest \u2013 sustain many forest-dependent bird populations in Costa Rica, even as populations decline in forests.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":277856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691821000,691820715,691822415,691819570,691820237],"class_list":["post-277853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-biodiversity","tag-birds","tag-costa-rica","tag-farmers","tag-food-security","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-268.png?fit=1425%2C950&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-1ahv","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":373452,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=373452","url_meta":{"origin":277853,"position":0},"title":"Ecologists Question Renewable Energy Sprawl","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/03\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"One of the great ironies of our age is the double standard of Big Environmentalism toward wind and solar, which commit numerous eco-sins that would not be tolerated otherwise. 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