{"id":268401,"date":"2023-07-19T20:58:07","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T18:58:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=268401"},"modified":"2023-07-19T20:58:09","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T18:58:09","slug":"wild-weather-news-spreads-like-wildfire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=268401","title":{"rendered":"Wild Weather News Spreads Like\u00a0Wildfire"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"723\" data-attachment-id=\"268426\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268426\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"OIG-38\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=723%2C723&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=723%2C723&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=800%2C800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=400%2C400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=450%2C450&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?resize=550%2C550&amp;ssl=1 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/\">Science Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/author\/ronaldrc\/\">Ron Clutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"407\" data-attachment-id=\"268404\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268404\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?fit=1600%2C900&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?fit=723%2C407&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?resize=723%2C407&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?resize=1200%2C675&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/010900012_072021-wabc-hazy-nyc-img.png?w=1446&amp;ssl=1 1446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">New York City Covered in Thick Smoke from Western USA and Canada Wildfires<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Wild Weather meme has gone viral, along with the usual suspects claiming it\u2019s climate change.\u00a0 Just in the last 24 hours:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Extreme weather is terrorizing the world. It\u2019s only just begun. Yahoo<\/strong><br>Heatwaves are one of the deadliest hazards to emerge in extreme weather, and they\u2019re occurring on a global scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>After Earth\u2019s hottest week on record, extreme weather surprises everyone \u2014 even climate scientists CBC.ca<\/strong><br>This past week was the Earth\u2019s hottest on record, as extreme weather from wildfires to floods ravaged various corners of the world. Here\u2019s a closer look at what\u2019s happening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>There\u2019s no escaping climate change as extreme weather events abound The Washington Post<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Extreme weather highlights need for greater climate action: WMO UN News Centre<\/strong><br>Scorching temperatures are engulfing large parts of the Northern hemisphere, while devastating floods triggered by relentless rainfall have disrupted lives and livelihoods, underscoring the urgent need for more climate action,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>White House details \u2018extreme heat strategy\u2019 amid blistering temperatures in U.S. City News<\/strong><br>Crippling heat waves are an annual fixture in the United States \u2014 but it\u2019s not every day the White House announces a detailed strategy to confront them. So far, it\u2019s been an extreme-weather summer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>U.S. lays out extreme heat plan amid record temperatures. What about Canada? Global News<\/strong><br>Like in the U.S., the federal government in Canada has staked much of its reputation on enunciating and enacting a comprehensive response to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>NASA climate adviser warns extreme weather events will persist if temps keep rising. wusf.usf.edu<\/strong><br>With much of the U.S. facing extreme weather, NASA chief scientist and senior climate adviser Kate Calvin talks to NPR\u2019s A Martinez about what we can expect as global temperatures continue to rise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What this summer\u2019s extreme weather events mean for humanity. Public Radio International<\/strong><br>As the worldwide heat record fell last week, the acute effects are emerging quickly. Extreme weather events are proliferating across the globe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Floods, tornadoes, heat: more extreme weather predicted across US. The Guardian<\/strong><br>Over a third of Americans under extreme heat warnings as Vermont, still recovering from historic flooding, prepares for more storms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More than 40% of Californians say they were affected by recent extreme weather, poll finds\u00a0Yahoo Canada Sports<\/strong><br>An overwhelming majority of respondents say climate change is impacting their community, but are less confident in government\u2019s readiness to respond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>El Ni\u00f1o is back: Surging temperatures bring extreme weather and threaten lives Euronews<\/strong><br>\u201cEarly warnings and anticipatory action of extreme weather events associated with this major climate phenomenon are vital to save lives and livelihoods.\u201d Rising sea temperatures are already \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cities fight to keep the lights on in extreme weather events Politico Europe<\/strong><br>More intense and longer-lasting heat waves are a challenge for the electricity grids that power Europe\u2019s urban centers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Heat: 3 in 4 Californians say climate change is contributing to the state\u2019s extreme weather events\u00a0East Bay Times<\/strong><br>With a heat wave approaching that could send inland temperatures soaring this weekend to more than 105 degrees, a new poll shows Californians\u2019 concerns are rising about climate change and its connections to extreme weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Extreme Weather Bakes the South, Soaks the Northeast The Globe and Mail<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This extreme weather from coast to coast: Is it \u2018a new abnormal\u2019? Yahoo News Canada<\/strong><br>Wildfire smoke engulfed the iconic skyline of New York, blotting out the Empire State Building in a dystopian orange haze. A massive heat dome broke temperature records in Texas, straining the power grid and killing 13 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This seasonal outbreak of distressing media hype deserves a rational response, so I am reposting wise words from meteorologist Cliff Mass from summer 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"380\" data-attachment-id=\"268410\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268410\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?fit=1200%2C630&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,630\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-604\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?fit=723%2C380&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?resize=723%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?resize=1024%2C538&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?resize=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?resize=768%2C403&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-604.png?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Reality Check on Extreme Weather Claims<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CBS News headline was:&nbsp; \u2018Pacific Northwest heat wave would have been \u201cvirtually impossible\u201d without climate change, experts say.\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eric Felton provides a useful reprise of the campaign to exploit a recent Washington State heat wave for climate hysteria mongering.&nbsp; His article at Real Clear Investigations is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearinvestigations.com\/articles\/2021\/08\/17\/does_climate_change_cause_extreme_weather_now_heres_a_scorcher_of_a_reality_check_789878.html\"><strong>Does Climate Change Cause Extreme Weather Now? Here\u2019s a Scorcher of a Reality Check<\/strong><\/a>.&nbsp; This discussion is timely since you can soon expect an inundation of hype saying our SUVs caused whatever damage is done by Hurricane (or Tropical Storm) Henri, shown below approaching Long Island and New England. Excerpts from Felton\u2019s article are below in italics with my bolds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rclutz.files.wordpress.com\/2021\/08\/henri-20210822.gif?w=723\" alt=\"Henri 20210822\" class=\"wp-image-20972\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The<strong>\u00a0Pacific Northwest was hit with a record-shattering heat wave in June<\/strong>, with temperatures over 35 degrees higher than normal in some places. On June 28, Portland, Ore., reached 116 degrees. Late last week the region suffered another blast of hot weather, with a high in Portland of 103 degrees. The New York Times didn\u2019t hesitate to pronounce the region\u2019s bouts of extreme weather proof that the climate wasn\u2019t just changing, but catastrophically so.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To make that claim, the Times relied on a\u00a0<strong>\u201cconsortium of climate experts\u201d that calls itself World Weather Attribution<\/strong>, a group\u00a0<strong>organized not just to attribute extreme weather events to climate change, but to do so quickly<\/strong>. Within days of the June heat wave, the researchers released an analysis, declaring that the torrid spell \u201cwas virtually impossible without human-caused climate change.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#e81515\" class=\"has-inline-color\">World Weather Attribution and its alarming report were trumpeted by Time magazine, touted by the NOAA website Climate.gov , and featured by CBS News, CNBC, Scientific American, CNN, the Washington Post, USAToday, and the New York Times, among others.<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The group\u2019s claim that global warming was to blame was perhaps less significant than<strong>\u00a0the speed with which that conclusion was provided to the media.<\/strong>\u00a0Previous efforts to tie extreme weather events to climate change hadn\u2019t had the impact scientists had hoped for, according to Time, because it \u201cwasn\u2019t producing results fast enough to get attention from people outside the climate science world.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cBeing able to confidently say that a given weather disaster was caused by climate change while said event still has the world\u2019s attention,\u201d Time explained, approvingly, \u201ccan be an enormously useful<strong>\u00a0tool to convince leaders, lawmakers and others<\/strong>\u00a0that climate change is a threat that must be addressed.\u201d In other words, the value of rapid attribution is primarily political, not scientific.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"481\" data-attachment-id=\"268415\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268415\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0550856_5_.png?fit=750%2C499&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"750,499\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0550856_5_\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0550856_5_.png?fit=723%2C481&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0550856_5_.png?resize=723%2C481&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0550856_5_.png?w=750&amp;ssl=1 750w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0550856_5_.png?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>World Weather Attribution was organized to quickly attribute extreme weather events to climate change.\u00a0 World Weather Attribution<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Inconveniently for World Weather Attribution<\/strong>, an atmospheric scientist with extensive knowledge of the Pacific Northwest climate was\u00a0<strong>actively running weather models that accurately predicted the heatwave. Cliff Mass rejected the notion that global warming was to blame<\/strong>\u00a0for the scorching temperatures. He calculated that global warming\u00a0<strong>might have been responsible for two degrees of the near 40-degree anomaly<\/strong>. With or without climate change, Mass wrote, the region \u201cstill would have experienced the most severe heat wave of the past century.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Mass has no shortage of credentials relevant to the issue: A<strong>\u00a0professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington,<\/strong>\u00a0he is author of the book \u201cThe Weather of the Pacific Northwest.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Mass took on the World Weather Attribution group directly<\/strong>: \u201cUnfortunately, there are serious flaws in their approach.\u201d According to Mass, the heatwave was the result of \u201cnatural variability.\u201d The models being used by the international group lacked the \u201cresolution to correctly simulate critical intense, local precipitation features,\u201d and \u201cthey generally use unrealistic greenhouse gas emissions.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>WWA issued a \u201crebuttal\u201d calling Mass\u2019 criticisms \u201cmisleading and incorrect.\u201d But<strong>\u00a0the gauntlet thrown down by Mass did seem to affect WWA\u2019s confidence in its claims.<\/strong>\u00a0The group, which had originally declared the heatwave would have been \u201cvirtually impossible without human-caused climate change,\u201d\u00a0<strong>altered its tone. In subsequent public statements<\/strong>, it emphasized that it had merely been making \u201cbest estimates\u201d and had presented them \u201cwith the appropriate caveats and uncertainties.\u201d Scientists with the attribution group did not respond to questions about Mass\u2019s criticisms posed by RealClearInvestigations.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>But what of the group\u2019s basic mission, the attribution of individual weather events to climate change?<strong>\u00a0Hasn\u2019t it been a fundamental rule of discussing extreme temperatures in a given place not to conflate weather with climate?<\/strong>\u00a0Weather, it is regularly pointed out, refers to conditions during a short time in a limited area; climate is said to describe longer-term atmospheric patterns over large areas.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Until recently, at least, climate scientists long warned against using individual weather events to ponder the existence or otherwise of global warming. Typically,<strong>&nbsp;that argument is used to respond to those who might argue a spate of extreme cold is reason to doubt the planet is warming<\/strong>. Using individual weather events to say anything about the climate is \u201cdangerous nonsense,\u201d the New Scientist warned a decade ago.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rclutz.files.wordpress.com\/2021\/08\/noaa-us-temp-2019-2021.gif?w=723\" alt=\"noaa-us-temp-2019-2021\" class=\"wp-image-20979\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Perhaps, but\u00a0<strong>it happens all the time now that climate advocates have found it to be an effective tool.<\/strong>\u00a0In 2019, The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research and the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago found that three-fourths of those polled said their views about climate change had been shaped by extreme weather events. Leah Sprain, in the book \u201cEthics and Practice in Science Communication,\u201d says that even though it may be legitimate to make the broad claim that climate change \u201cmay result in future extreme weather,\u201d<strong>\u00a0when one tries \u201carguing weather patterns were caused by climate change, things get dicey.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Which creates a tension: \u201cFor some communicators, the ultimate goal \u2013 mobilizing political action \u2013 warrants rhetorical use of extreme weather events.\u201d But that makes scientists nervous, Sprain writes, because\u00a0<strong>\u201cmisrepresenting science will undermine the credibility of arguments for climate change.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#e81515\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Which is exactly what happened with the World Weather Attribution group, according to Mass: \u201cMany of the climate attribution studies are resulting in headlines that are deceptive and result in people coming to incorrect conclusions about the relative roles of global warming and natural variability in current extreme weather,\u201d he wrote at his blog. \u201cScary headlines and apocalyptic attribution studies needlessly provoke fear.\u201d<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The blogging professor laments that\u00a0<strong>atmospheric sciences have been \u201cpoisoned\u201d by politics<\/strong>. \u201cIt\u2019s damaged climate science,\u201d he told RCI.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"268420\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268420\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-605.png?fit=630%2C430&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"630,430\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-605\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-605.png?fit=630%2C430&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-605.png?resize=723%2C493&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268420\" style=\"width:762px;height:520px\" width=\"723\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-605.png?w=630&amp;ssl=1 630w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-605.png?resize=300%2C205&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>And not just politics \u2013 Mass also says that the accepted tenets of global warming have become<strong>\u00a0a sort of religion<\/strong>. Consider the language used, he says, such as\u00a0<strong>the question of whether one \u201cbelieves\u201d in anthropogenic climate change.<\/strong>\u00a0\u201cYou don\u2019t believe in gravity,\u201d he says. The religious metaphor also explains why colleagues get so bent out of shape with him, Mass says: \u201cThere\u2019s nothing worse than an apostate priest.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>That goes even for those who are merely mild apostates.\u00a0<strong>Mass doesn\u2019t dispute warming, he merely questions how big a problem it is<\/strong>. \u201cWe need to worry about climate change,\u201d he has said. \u201cBut hype and exaggeration of its impacts only undermine the potential for effective action.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"268422\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268422\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-606.png?fit=630%2C440&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"630,440\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-606\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-606.png?fit=630%2C440&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-606.png?resize=723%2C505&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268422\" style=\"width:759px;height:530px\" width=\"723\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-606.png?w=630&amp;ssl=1 630w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-606.png?resize=300%2C210&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a more in depth look at the the science of attributing causes of extreme weather events, see:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rclutz.com\/2016\/03\/14\/x-weathermen-are-back\/\"><strong>X-Weathermen are Back!<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"434\" data-attachment-id=\"268423\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=268423\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0superhero-leather-1.webp?fit=1000%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1000,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0superhero-leather-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0superhero-leather-1.webp?fit=723%2C434&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0superhero-leather-1.webp?resize=723%2C434&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0superhero-leather-1.webp?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0superhero-leather-1.webp?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0superhero-leather-1.webp?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>World Weather Attribution and its alarming report were trumpeted by Time magazine, touted by the NOAA website Climate.gov , and featured by CBS News, CNBC, Scientific American, CNN, the Washington Post, USAToday, and the New York Times, among others.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":268426,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818056,691821223,691818087,691818397,691821222],"class_list":{"0":"post-268401","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-climate-change","9":"tag-ecord-temperatures","10":"tag-global-warming","11":"tag-noaa","12":"tag-the-wild-weather","14":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-17P3","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":299394,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=299394","url_meta":{"origin":268401,"position":0},"title":"Punching Back at Counterpunch\u2019s False Climate Claims","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/02\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"A website called Counterpunch.com ran a story on January 31st saying that we must solve climate change or disaster will befall us. The story is titled, \u201cSolving Climate Change\u2026or Else!\u201d\u00a0by\u00a0Stan Cox. As we\u2019ve written\u00a0time\u00a0and\u00a0again\u00a0on\u00a0Climate Realism,\u00a0these sorts of claims about worsening disasters are easily proven false simply by looking at historical\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0weather_pictures-1890x699-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C444&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0weather_pictures-1890x699-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C444&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0weather_pictures-1890x699-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C444&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0weather_pictures-1890x699-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C444&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0weather_pictures-1890x699-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C444&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":280515,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=280515","url_meta":{"origin":268401,"position":1},"title":"NOAA and the Media Continue to Misinform About Climate Change and Extreme Weather","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"26\/09\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The\u00a0Scientific American, among other mainstreams media outlets, such as\u00a0The New York Times\u00a0and\u00a0The Washington Post, are promoting claims made by\u00a0the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u00a0(NOAA), that climate change is causing increased instances of extreme weather,\u00a0causing billions of dollars of damage.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/OIG-2023-08-15T141942.710.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/OIG-2023-08-15T141942.710.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/OIG-2023-08-15T141942.710.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/OIG-2023-08-15T141942.710.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":262230,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=262230","url_meta":{"origin":268401,"position":2},"title":"Unraveling the Enigma: Canadian Wildfires, a Stroke of Misfortune","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"15\/06\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The weather conditions in Quebec preceding the wildfire event were largely normal, and the high pressure over southern Canada, responsible for the warming, has no proven association with climate change.","rel":"","context":"In \"Canadian wildfires\"","block_context":{"text":"Canadian wildfires","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=canadian-wildfires"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0prothomalo-english_2023-06_21ff7ab1-e53a-4240-83da-d71ac73b0c63_CANADA_WILDFIRES_FORESTRY.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0prothomalo-english_2023-06_21ff7ab1-e53a-4240-83da-d71ac73b0c63_CANADA_WILDFIRES_FORESTRY.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0prothomalo-english_2023-06_21ff7ab1-e53a-4240-83da-d71ac73b0c63_CANADA_WILDFIRES_FORESTRY.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0prothomalo-english_2023-06_21ff7ab1-e53a-4240-83da-d71ac73b0c63_CANADA_WILDFIRES_FORESTRY.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0prothomalo-english_2023-06_21ff7ab1-e53a-4240-83da-d71ac73b0c63_CANADA_WILDFIRES_FORESTRY.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":294439,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=294439","url_meta":{"origin":268401,"position":3},"title":"Major U.S. Disaster Database That Was Quoted by President Biden as Proof of Climate Change is Slammed as an \u201cEgregious Failure of Scientific Inquiry\u201d","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"10\/01\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The findings from this database have fuelled climate alarm for decades, and it is widely quoted by scientific journals, media and politicians.","rel":"","context":"In \"Attribution studies\"","block_context":{"text":"Attribution studies","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=attribution-studies"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/00tornado-supercell-evening-stock.jpg?fit=1200%2C847&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/00tornado-supercell-evening-stock.jpg?fit=1200%2C847&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/00tornado-supercell-evening-stock.jpg?fit=1200%2C847&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/00tornado-supercell-evening-stock.jpg?fit=1200%2C847&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/00tornado-supercell-evening-stock.jpg?fit=1200%2C847&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":427348,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=427348","url_meta":{"origin":268401,"position":4},"title":"Climate Change is Not Going to Cost Colorado Billions, Colorado Sun","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"21\/02\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"A recent Colorado Sun article claims that climate change could cost the state up to $37 billion due to high temperature extremes and drought. This is false, built almost entirely on speculative claims about future weather and ignores the fact that reductions in extreme cold will positively influence health related\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/00waleedkhalid-fall-7493049_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/00waleedkhalid-fall-7493049_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/00waleedkhalid-fall-7493049_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/00waleedkhalid-fall-7493049_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/00waleedkhalid-fall-7493049_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":422125,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=422125","url_meta":{"origin":268401,"position":5},"title":"Where Are the Climate-Related Disasters?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"19\/01\/2026","format":false,"excerpt":"For decades, the climate crisis narrative has rested on a single, emotionally powerful claim: As the planet warms, extreme weather will become more frequent and more intense.","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate Alarmists\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate Alarmists","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-alarmists"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-354.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-354.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-354.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=268401"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":268427,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268401\/revisions\/268427"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/268426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=268401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=268401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=268401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}