{"id":266695,"date":"2023-07-11T12:12:21","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T10:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=266695"},"modified":"2023-07-11T12:12:23","modified_gmt":"2023-07-11T10:12:23","slug":"free-market-electricity-end-the-blackout-kiesling-bobs-and-weaves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=266695","title":{"rendered":"Free Market Electricity: End the Blackout (Kiesling bobs and weaves)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0From Master Resource<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Robert Bradley Jr.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cPeople who pride themselves on their \u2018complexity\u2019 and deride others for being \u2018simplistic\u2019 should realize that the truth is often not very complicated. What gets complex is evading the truth. \u2013 Thomas Sowell<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Imagine a self-described classical liberal that cannot define classical liberalism (a\u00a0real<\/em>\u00a0free market) in their area of specialty. Imagine a self-described \u201cdirectionalist\u201d who cannot define the end-state. And imagine this person telling me, as her critic, \u201cI will not dance to your tune.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Political Economy 101 deals with the difference between a free market and governmental intervention. For months, I have begged this person to get to the essence of electricity policy, only to be rebuffed as ignorant and out of step. Meanwhile, this person traffics in hidden assumptions, deep jargon, rhetorical flourishes, and technicalities intended to obscure the fundamental questions. Calling Thomas Sowell (above)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Welcome to the peculiar universe of Lynne Kiesling, who has wed herself to a government framework of electricity,\u00a0mandatory open access<\/em>\u00a0(MOA), replete with hundreds of sub-regulations and thousands of pages of instruction. Basically, it is\u00a0de facto socialism of the wholesale power grid<\/a>\u00a0such as in Texas, where more than 90 percent of the state grid is centrally directed and planned (via PUC-Texas rules and state legislative instruction).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

History of Exchanges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

My critical posts on Kiesling are contained in Appendix A below. These began when her cherished regulatory model overseen by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) blew up in February 2021,\u00a0an unprecedented mal-coordination that had many government parents and grandparents<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rather than make a mid-course correction, recommending fundamental deregulation (classical liberal reform), Kiesling has embraced the next phase of electricity statism: the\u00a0virtual power plant<\/em>\u00a0where demand-side pricing models (her specialty)\u2013state-sanctioned and implemented\u2013would control (reduce) demand to supply from a wounded grid of wind and solar. Government subsidized batteries are key in this equation too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bobbing and Weaving<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The latest concerns her\u00a0post<\/a>\u00a0where she recommends one regulatory path to another. She begins:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second in my essays critiquing FERC Commissioner Mark Christie\u2019s Energy Law Journal article on wholesale power markets. Here: what does he mean by \u201ctrue\u201d markets? All markets emerge *and* are designed within an institutional framework, so what\u2019s this distinction between markets and constructs?<\/em>\u00a0Read it and get confused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradley<\/strong>: Can we define a \u2018true market\u2019 as a free market where government is not involved? And then governmental markets of different kinds? If we have a (government) contrived, synthetic market, can we employ the term \u201csynthetic market failure\u201d or \u201cgovernment market failure\u201d to compare to a real free market? This would seem to be the easiest and most straight-forward way to define the alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kiesling<\/strong>: Your definition commits the \u201cno true Scotsman\u201d fallacy. Using the language that I did in my essay, the polycentric institutional stack *always* has government in it. For every market that enables impersonal exchange between strangers. Always. Because markets emerge *and* are designed within an institutional context, and one institutional layer in that (US) context is common law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Making the good faith assumption that you don\u2019t want to throw out the common law and return to an arbitrary state with rule of man rather than rule of law, then government is always in the institutional stack. Unless you are an anarchist. My inner philosophical anarchist is present, but my person who lives in a pluralist society with others of differing opinions moves from anarchy through minarchy (one way I\u2019d characterize your definition) to classical liberalism. You and I have different conceptions of classical liberalism, with yours being unyielding and monolithic enough that it doesn\u2019t admit mine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you refine your language & argument to say that a \u201ctrue\u201d market is one without the administrative state layer in the institutional stack, I\u2019m open to that. I\u2019m sure that\u2019s not the argument that Christie was making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradley<\/strong>: I am just defining \u2018free market\u2019 in electricity in a traditional way. Yes, common law. Yes, ethical norms. And technical joint groups and trade groups\u2026. \u201cAnything that\u2019s peaceful,\u2019 as Leonard Read once put it (the absence of the initiation of force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why would you think otherwise? Should I just say \u2018limited government\u2019 that does not include public utility regulation of electricity, for starters?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am just a regular fellow using the regular terms that I have never had a problem with in nearly a half-century of discourse\u2026. until now in a strange parallel universe with electricity. You are intellectualizing and jargoning away to avoid basic discussion of an economics 101 free-markets-versus-government-control. You have an \u2018intellectual blackout\u2019 to what classical liberalism is with electricity. Define it in your \u2018polycentric institutional stack\u2019, please. Judge Christie by it rather than pretend the free market does not exist. That is what I am trying to get at that I am confident just about everyone else will understand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PS: I understand the unique characteristics of electricity and have from the beginning of our exchanges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kiesling<\/strong>: Your \u201cregular terms\u201d create a false dichotomy in \u201ceconomics 101 free-markets-versus-government-control\u201d. As with any econ 101 model, it\u2019s a starting point for analysis but not an end state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradley<\/strong>: Can you simply define what \u2018classical liberalism\u2019 is applied to electricity? And what is your end-state, your \u2018directionalist\u2019 destination?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She then went away (her regular practice). But a\u00a0comment<\/a>\u00a0by Nat Treadway gave me an opening.<\/em>\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradley<\/strong>: Those areas can be within the general definition of the free market (classical liberal markets). Common law against force or fraud. Enforced contracts. This is not about a stateless society (to which I have never been associated with intellectually or otherwise).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This said, I have asked Lynne is simply define classical liberalism in regard to electricity. I will ask here again in its parts to try to get a response. What is classical liberalism? What is electricity? What is classical liberalism in terms of electricity?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I obviously believe that there can be legally defined property rights to electricity and voluntary exchange and the rule of law. This is what emerged from the 1880s for decades until state and then federal regulation became prominent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lynne?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kiesling<\/strong>: I\u2019m too busy to dance to your tune, and my characterization relies on institutional and organizational economics literature that you have either no familiarity with or have rejected as being irrelevant. If you don\u2019t acknowledge that AC wires networks are common pool resources that require some form of collective governance (in my preference a polycentric stack of private, local state, state state, regional state, and federal depending on the specific issue), then you and I have different conceptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradley<\/strong>: Electricity has long required control areas and did that prior to state and federal regulation. It can be the same today with the simple removal of state and federal intervention. This is classical liberalism in practice\u2013and on-the-shelf to be put into practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, government as enforcer of contracts and protector against force or fraud. This is not the issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Are you saying that electricity cannot be entrepreneurially run in a free market where private parties via contract (not government coercion) determine control areas and, as needed, form joint organizations for service? Private collective governance, in other words. Not government intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity in the United States beginning with Edison\/Insull was a free market, classical liberal discovery process. That progress was interrupted by a series of government interventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Classical liberalism applied to electricity is simply the absence of government intervention in markets. What is your definition?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lynne again disappeared, but Treadway\u00a0kept the conversation going<\/a>\u00a0so I could make my point again to the silent one.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Treadway<\/strong>: Isn\u2019t this semantics? \u201cPrivate collective governance\u201d is governance, and government is what we, as private individuals, agree to create. \u201cControl areas\u201d without government oversight become feudal states \u2014 with princes and paupers. Who determines the decision makers in \u201cprivate collective governance\u201d? It\u2019s great for private groups \u2014 in private places \u2014 to govern themselves. In the public sphere, there is a role for public input, and specialized agencies are one means of achieving public input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradley<\/strong>: \u2018Private governance\u2019 should not be taken to mean a private sector regulated by a government entity (ERCOT, PUCT, FERC, etc.). \u2018Self-regulating\u2019 should not mean regulating by the government. Private contracts are protected under the rule of law. The initiation of force and fraud are illegal to this end.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So clear the semantics there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a free market, private firms determine \u2018control areas\u2019 with electricity and abide by technical standards as other industries. There is not mandatory open access. There are not prohibitions on joint behavior by antitrust law. There are not franchise rights given to utilities over a certain geographic area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is the classical liberalism that Lynne refuses to consider alongside or against her world of mandatory open access. Such is an analytical blackout in the world of political economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This explains in more detail classical liberalism applied to electricity. Please read the question-and-answers as well that get into the workings of such a free market.\u00a0https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/the-great-texas-blackout-of-2021-is-planning-necessary\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

And she went away \u2026. A classical liberal who cannot define or support classical liberal public policy\u2026.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

APPENDIX A: Posts on Lynne Kiesling<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Will Lynne Kiesling Show More Cards? (electricity in crisis, time for debate!)<\/a>\u00a0(May 18, 2023)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity Policy: An Exchange with Lynne Kiesling (more evasion, statism from a \u201cclassical liberal\u201d)<\/a>\u00a0(May 11, 2023)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Are Electricity ISOs\/RTOs Government Central Planning?<\/a>\u00a0(February 17, 2023)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cElectricity Restructuring: The Texas Story\u201d (revisiting a book gone sour)<\/a>\u00a0(August 18, 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Classical Liberalism and Electricity: Ten Questions for Lynne Kiesling<\/a>\u00a0(August 17, 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Classical Liberalism and Electricity: An (Unfinished) Exchange with Lynne Kiesling<\/a>\u00a0(August 16, 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Imagine a self-described classical liberal that cannot define classical liberalism (a\u00a0real\u00a0free market) in their area of specialty. Imagine a self-described \u201cdirectionalist\u201d who cannot define the end-state. And imagine this person telling me, as her critic, \u201cI will not dance to your tune.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":266704,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818226,691820976,691819409,691818577],"class_list":{"0":"post-266695","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-blackout","9":"tag-electric-reliability-council-of-texas-ercot","10":"tag-ferc","11":"tag-texas","13":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/0texas-blackout-banner-1.jpg?fit=1500%2C600&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-17nx","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":213836,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=213836","url_meta":{"origin":266695,"position":0},"title":"Classical Liberalism and Electricity: An (Unfinished) Exchange with Lynne Kiesling","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"16\/08\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cThe propensity of government intervention to have unintended consequences and expand from its own shortcomings has taken over a vital U.S. industry. It is time for fundamental free-market, classical-liberal reform with electricity.\u201d","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-597.png?fit=1000%2C667&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-597.png?fit=1000%2C667&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-597.png?fit=1000%2C667&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-597.png?fit=1000%2C667&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":214370,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=214370","url_meta":{"origin":266695,"position":1},"title":"Classical Liberalism and Electricity: An (Unfinished) Exchange with Lynne Kiesling","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"19\/08\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cThe propensity of government intervention to have unintended consequences and expand from its own shortcomings has taken over a vital U.S. industry. It is time for fundamental free-market, classical-liberal reform with electricity.\u201d","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-782.png?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-782.png?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-782.png?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-782.png?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":375496,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=375496","url_meta":{"origin":266695,"position":2},"title":"Kiesling Likes Government Electricity Planning","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"17\/04\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cKiesling intellectually resides in the government sandbox, where dilute, intermittent, fragile, government-dependent wind and solar is coordinated by ISO\/RTO planners. Add (subsidized) storage, then whatever is left on the supply side can be equilibrated on the demand side with \u2018smart meters\u2019 (another government play) in your home or business.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In \"climate-alarmist\"","block_context":{"text":"climate-alarmist","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-alarmist-2"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0Green-Energy-Hydrogen-Production-Concept.jpg?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0Green-Energy-Hydrogen-Production-Concept.jpg?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0Green-Energy-Hydrogen-Production-Concept.jpg?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0Green-Energy-Hydrogen-Production-Concept.jpg?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/0Green-Energy-Hydrogen-Production-Concept.jpg?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":367548,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=367548","url_meta":{"origin":266695,"position":3},"title":"The Great Texas Blackout (2021): When the Free-Market Electricity Debate Began","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"25\/02\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Great Texas Blackout four years ago triggered a social media debate that reconfirmed \u2018classical liberal\u2019 Lynne Kiesling as an advocate of centrally planned, highly regulated electricity. It also revealed a cadre of electricity planners who bristled at the argument that government failed, including\u00a0Eric Schubert\u00a0and\u00a0Robert Borlick. The exchanges began a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Battery storage technologies\"","block_context":{"text":"Battery storage technologies","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=battery-storage-technologies"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0a2bfcebe-0b09-4388-9f8c-6c36d59d3999-texas_topper.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0a2bfcebe-0b09-4388-9f8c-6c36d59d3999-texas_topper.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0a2bfcebe-0b09-4388-9f8c-6c36d59d3999-texas_topper.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0a2bfcebe-0b09-4388-9f8c-6c36d59d3999-texas_topper.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/0a2bfcebe-0b09-4388-9f8c-6c36d59d3999-texas_topper.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":214271,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=214271","url_meta":{"origin":266695,"position":4},"title":"\u201cElectricity Restructuring: The Texas Story\u201d (revisiting a book gone sour)","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"18\/08\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The Texas electricity debacle of February 2021 stands as\u00a0the greatest failure in the history of the power industry\u2013if not any other industry in America.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-742.png?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-742.png?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-742.png?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-742.png?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":393570,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=393570","url_meta":{"origin":266695,"position":5},"title":"Postrel vs. Free Market Electricity: Exchange and Comment","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"07\/08\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Even since the Great Texas Blackout of February 2021, I have tried to engage classical liberal scholars with the lost tradition of free market electricity in theory, practice, and public policy. An interesting exchange with economist Steve Postrel on social media some months ago is worth preserving, in this regard.","rel":"","context":"In \"economist Steve Postrel\"","block_context":{"text":"economist Steve Postrel","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=economist-steve-postrel"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNdvts99DO04lfNaNeX62vXX1jN2KwxKDitXJfrT52wffGmcnznp_htlKVp6LOlNPELWDA8OD6Ulsp6aD5aLcviS01VxWDWl5YGjlf0GtO8HvkWLQprUujS-fNuDmZpl_GUiPSJNYTLIK6yiAIfazN8e6xP-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNdvts99DO04lfNaNeX62vXX1jN2KwxKDitXJfrT52wffGmcnznp_htlKVp6LOlNPELWDA8OD6Ulsp6aD5aLcviS01VxWDWl5YGjlf0GtO8HvkWLQprUujS-fNuDmZpl_GUiPSJNYTLIK6yiAIfazN8e6xP-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNdvts99DO04lfNaNeX62vXX1jN2KwxKDitXJfrT52wffGmcnznp_htlKVp6LOlNPELWDA8OD6Ulsp6aD5aLcviS01VxWDWl5YGjlf0GtO8HvkWLQprUujS-fNuDmZpl_GUiPSJNYTLIK6yiAIfazN8e6xP-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNdvts99DO04lfNaNeX62vXX1jN2KwxKDitXJfrT52wffGmcnznp_htlKVp6LOlNPELWDA8OD6Ulsp6aD5aLcviS01VxWDWl5YGjlf0GtO8HvkWLQprUujS-fNuDmZpl_GUiPSJNYTLIK6yiAIfazN8e6xP-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQNdvts99DO04lfNaNeX62vXX1jN2KwxKDitXJfrT52wffGmcnznp_htlKVp6LOlNPELWDA8OD6Ulsp6aD5aLcviS01VxWDWl5YGjlf0GtO8HvkWLQprUujS-fNuDmZpl_GUiPSJNYTLIK6yiAIfazN8e6xP-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/266695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=266695"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/266695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":266708,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/266695\/revisions\/266708"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/266704"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=266695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=266695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=266695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}