{"id":260253,"date":"2023-06-02T20:33:31","date_gmt":"2023-06-02T18:33:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=260253"},"modified":"2023-06-02T20:33:34","modified_gmt":"2023-06-02T18:33:34","slug":"grizzlies-vs-grizzly-x-polar-bear-hybrids-by-appearance-alone-a-photo-essay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=260253","title":{"rendered":"Grizzlies vs. grizzly X polar bear hybrids by appearance alone: a photo essay"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From polarbearscience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hybridization with grizzlies comes up repeatedly in genetic studies that aim to zero in on polar bear origins and is one of the issues I explore in detail in\u00a0my upcoming new book<\/a>,\u00a0Polar Bear Evolution: A Model for How New Species Arise<\/em>. Here is a photo essay to get you thinking about\u00a0grizzly X polar bear hybrids<\/a>, because understanding the topic is critical to unravelling the genetic evidence on how polar bears came to be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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For example, who can forget the hoopla over the bear shot near Arviat on the shore of Western Hudson Bay in 2016 (shown above) that everyone, including polar bear expert Ian Stirling, decided must be a hybrid<\/a>\u2013but it turned out to be a blonde grizzly<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Explaining all the ins and outs of why are important to polar bear evolution is an important part of\u00a0my book<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As you\u2019ll see, it\u2019s not easy to tell a polar bear hybrid from a brown bear or grizzly (same animal<\/a>) by its coat colour alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blonde brown bears and grizzlies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bear below was photographed on the shore of the\u00a0Chukchi Sea in 2014<\/a>, feeding on the carcass of a grey whale by NOAA employees surveying the coast. The location suggests it could be a hybrid but if researchers followed up with a DNA test that proved it was, I\u2019m sure we would have heard about it by now. I\u2019m assuming it\u2019s just an oddly-marked, blonde grizzly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bear feeding on a grey whale carcass in the Southern Beaufort Sea 2014. NOAA photo.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bear in the photo below, taken on the North Slope of Alaska in 1995 by Richard Shideler at the Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), had biologists wondering if it was a grizzly X polar bear hybrid. But DNA testing revealed it was a blonde grizzly with typical grizzly mtDNA (see Lan et al. 2016 supplement), as were all other suspected hybrids that were tested. Photo from the Lan et al. 2022\u00a0press release<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Blonde grizzly, North Slope of Alaska 1995. Richard Shideler photo, ADF&G.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The grizzly below was photographed on the Sagavanirktok River, Alaska (aka, \u201cSag River,\u201d south of Prudhoe Bay<\/a>, North Slope of Alaska on the edge of the Beaufort Sea), ADF&G photo<\/a>, on 21 September 2003 (Puryear 2022). Although I thought it might have been one of four light-colored bears tested by geneticists Lan and colleagues for their 2016 paper (Lan et al. 2016), Riley Woodford at ADF&G told me via email that this bear was not part of a research project and wasn\u2019t sampled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apparently, the photo was taken by the staffer who saw the grizzly digging for roots and thought it was a beautiful bear!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compare the coloring on this blonde bear to the image below from the known 2nd generation polar bear hybrid shot in Ulukhaktok in the second part of this post on wild hybrids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Blonde grizzly, Sag River, Alaska, not tested. ADF&G photo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the\u00a0Alaska Peninsula<\/a>\u00a0(well outside polar bear territory), the grizzly cub shown below, next to its typically-coloured sibling, has \u2018dirty feet and face\u2019 markings but is otherwise very light all over. Photo courtesy\u00a0Tom Walker<\/a>, with permission:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A slightly different pattern seen in a blonde grizzly is shown in the photo below, from an article by ADF&G researcher Riley Woodford<\/a> (2020), of a bear spotted in Berners Bay, Alaska (on the SE Alaska<\/a> mainland, about 50 miles north of Juneau<\/a>). It has a pronounced dark line running along the midline of its back that runs up onto its forehead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The photo was taken by\u00a0Anthony Crupi<\/a>\u00a0of ADF&G.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Similar to the animal above is a very pale female grizzly spotted near Lake Louise in Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies shown below,\u00a0from Parks Canada<\/a>. There is video of this bear\u00a0here<\/a>, taken in 2022. Note the similar dark, mid-line stripe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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At the other extreme, the grizzly shown below was taken on sea ice north of Banks Island<\/a>, in the western Canadian Arctic by Andrew Derocher in 2014 during field work for a paper authored by two of his students, Jodie Pongracz and Evan Richardson (Pongracz et al. 2017). Even this grizzly has some light shading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grizzlies have been regularly seen in polar bear habitat in the western Canadian Arctic<\/a> since about 1991 (Doupe et al. 2007), but this seems to be due to increasing grizzly numbers<\/a>, not climate change<\/a> or sea ice declines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Male grizzlies expanding into this area of polar bear territory are responsible for a rare series of hybridization events, described below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A grizzly on the sea ice north of Banks Island, Canada 2014. Andrew Derocher photo.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Confirmed wild hybrids<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The one that started all the \u201cLove in the Time of Climate Change\u201d<\/a> nonsense (Popescu 2016) was a first generation hybrid<\/a> mistaken for a polar bear (below) that made international news in 2006. More reports of other wild hybrids followed<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of these wild examples are crosses between a female polar bear and male grizzly, or between one of those hybrid females and a male grizzly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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This first hybrid bear (above) was shot by a hunter near Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island in the western Canadian Arctic, see map below. Notice the dark rings around the bear\u2019s eyes but overall light coat. All of the wild hybrids shown here came from the same area around Victoria Island and Banks Island.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Below is another potential hybrid example, photographed by Jodie Pongracz during her field work on the recent hybrids (Pongracz et al. 2017). Note the dark rings around the eyes, slightly muddy-looking feet and the remnant of a dark line down the centre of its back. This animal was spotted in 2012 but was not sampled and is therefore only a \u201csuspected\u201d hybrid. However, its markings are very similar to the hybrid shot in 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Below is photo of a taxidermy mount of a\u00a0confirmed second generation<\/a>\u00a0grizzly X polar bear hybrid (the product of a hybrid female, whose mother was a polar bear that mated with a male grizzly). It was shot in 2010, again near the community of Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Taxidermy mount of a 2nd generation grizzly X polar bear hybrid shot in 2010, that is installed at the Ulukhaktok airport, Victoria Island. Wikipedia photo<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The original polar bear female responsible for all of the hybrids in the area, who had mated with two different grizzly males over the years, was shot in 2012 along with her two hybrid cubs. The brief spate of hybridization events ended in 2014 when the last female hybrid was shot along with her three 2nd generation, back-crossed-to-grizzly, male cubs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No more hybrids have been documented in the area since. I discuss these natural hybridization events in detail in my book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hybrids in captivity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The photos below show the offspring (one male, one female) of one of the few known instances of mating between a polar bear male and a brown bear (grizzly) female, born at the Osnabruck Zoo, Germany in 2004 (Preuss et al. 2009), after being kept together for 24 years.\u00a0This is the opposite cross documented in wild-born hybrids<\/strong>. In my book, I discuss the behavioural differences between the two species\u2013and between the two sexes\u2013that would prevent this pairing from happening in the wild, except under the rarest of circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The coats of these hybrids look a bit darker viewed from the side, as shown below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bottom line: <\/strong>Because blonde grizzlies often look similar to polar bear hybrids and can appear in areas where hybridization is known to occur, genetic testing is required to confirm whether a suspected wild hybrid is indeed a grizzly X polar bear cross. The critical question of whether hybridization with grizzlies has played a huge part in the evolutionary history of the polar bear, as some geneticists insist, is an issue I address in my book<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doup\u00e9, J.P., England, J.H., Furze, M. and Paetkau, D. 2007.<\/strong> Most northerly observation of a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos<\/em>) in Canada: photographic and DNA evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories. Arctic <\/em>60:<\/strong>271-276. http:\/\/arctic.synergiesprairies.ca\/arctic\/index.php\/arctic\/article\/view\/219<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lan, T., Cheng, J., Ratan, A., et al.,<\/strong> including Lindqvist, C. 2016.<\/strong> Genome-wide evidence for a hybrid origin of modern polar bears. bioRxiv<\/em> 047498. https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/047498v1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lan, T., Lepp\u00e4l\u00e4, K., Tomlin, C., et al., including Lindqvist, C. 2022. <\/strong>Insights into bear evolution from a Pleistocene polar bear genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 119(24):e2200016119. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2200016119<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pongracz, J.D., Paetkau, D., Branigan, M., et al. 2017. <\/strong>Recent hybridization between a polar bear and grizzly bears in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic <\/em>70:151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14430\/arctic4643<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Popescu, A. 2016.<\/strong> \u2018Love in the time of climate change: Grizzlies and polar bears are now mating.\u2019 Washington Post<\/em>, 23 May (interview with Andrew Derocher about polar bear hybrids and climate change). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/animalia\/wp\/2016\/05\/23\/love-in-the-time-of-climate-change-grizzlies-and-polar-bears-are-now-mating\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preuss, A., Ganslo\u00dfer, U., Purschke, G., et al. 2009.<\/strong> Bear-hybrids: Behaviour and phenotype. Der Zoologische Garten<\/em> 78(4):204\u2013220.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Puryear, W. 2022.<\/strong> \u2018A bear by any other name: The many monikers of Ursus arctos<\/em> Part 1.\u2019 Alaska Fish & Wildlife News<\/em>, January. https:\/\/www.adfg.alaska.gov\/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=1016<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woodford, R. 2020. <\/strong>\u2018Mysterious brown bear appearance and Southeast bear research.\u2019 Alaska Fish & Wildlife News<\/em>, May. https:\/\/www.adfg.alaska.gov\/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=954<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hybridization with grizzlies comes up repeatedly in genetic studies that aim to zero in on polar bear origins and is one of the issues I explore in detail in\u00a0my upcoming new book,\u00a0Polar Bear Evolution: A Model for How New Species Arise. Here is a photo essay to get you thinking about\u00a0grizzly X polar bear hybrids, because understanding the topic is critical to unravelling the genetic evidence on how polar bears came to be.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":260265,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691819912,691819913,691819910,691819911,691818745],"class_list":["post-260253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-blonde-brown-bears","tag-dna-tes","tag-grizzlies","tag-hybrids","tag-polar-bear","fallback-thumbnail"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0BrownBearBlondie_0337_Tom-Walker-with-permission_smaller-1.webp?fit=1500%2C988&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-15HD","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":263983,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=263983","url_meta":{"origin":260253,"position":0},"title":"Claims of interspecies hanky-panky have unfairly sullied polar bear & Neanderthal reputations","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/26\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"One big question I asked before writing my book on\u00a0polar bear evolution\u00a0was this: did interbreeding with grizzlies, aka\u00a0brown bears, profoundly impact polar bear history, as geneticists insist? Or is something else going on?","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00RW-COMP-BEARred-1.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00RW-COMP-BEARred-1.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00RW-COMP-BEARred-1.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00RW-COMP-BEARred-1.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00RW-COMP-BEARred-1.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":264124,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=264124","url_meta":{"origin":260253,"position":1},"title":"No evidence polar bears survived Eemian warmth because they were not yet fully ice-dependent","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/27\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Is evolution primarily fast or slow? Does it take hundreds of thousands of years or a few\u00a0generations\u00a0to produce a new species? Ignoring\u00a0vast evidence\u00a0to the contrary, most geneticists insist that evolutionary change is imperceptibly slow and\u00a0one of them\u00a0is using this misconception to support the human-caused climate change narrative.","rel":"","context":"In \"Arctic sea ice\"","block_context":{"text":"Arctic sea ice","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=arctic-sea-ice"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0227472polarbearscute550x412-1200x800-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0227472polarbearscute550x412-1200x800-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0227472polarbearscute550x412-1200x800-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0227472polarbearscute550x412-1200x800-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/0227472polarbearscute550x412-1200x800-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":261713,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=261713","url_meta":{"origin":260253,"position":2},"title":"How grizzlies evolved into polar bears: The first book to tell the whole story is now available","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"06\/12\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Polar Bear Evolution: A Model for How New Species Arise\u00a0is the fascinating story of the origin of polar bears. It reveals not just\u00a0when and where\u00a0the species came to be, but\u00a0how\u00a0it happened and\u00a0why\u00a0the bears were able to survive repeated cycles of sea ice change, some of unimaginable severity.","rel":"","context":"In \"Grizzlies\"","block_context":{"text":"Grizzlies","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=grizzlies"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00polar-bears.jpeg?fit=1200%2C762&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00polar-bears.jpeg?fit=1200%2C762&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00polar-bears.jpeg?fit=1200%2C762&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00polar-bears.jpeg?fit=1200%2C762&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/00polar-bears.jpeg?fit=1200%2C762&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":303706,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=303706","url_meta":{"origin":260253,"position":3},"title":"NY Times pushes an implausible story of polar bear evolution and what makes a species","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/21\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Carl Zimmer over at the\u00a0New York Times\u00a0penned a\u00a0misleading story of speciation, using the polar bear as an example. It explains polar bear evolution based on a\u00a0genetic interpretation\u00a0that ignores the fossil record, bear behaviour, and geological history.","rel":"","context":"In \"brown bears\"","block_context":{"text":"brown bears","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=brown-bears"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0-polar-bear-feeding.jpeg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0-polar-bear-feeding.jpeg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0-polar-bear-feeding.jpeg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0-polar-bear-feeding.jpeg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0-polar-bear-feeding.jpeg?fit=1200%2C771&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":287347,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=287347","url_meta":{"origin":260253,"position":4},"title":"Polar Bear Evolution pre-Christmas book sale: discounts on all formats!","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"11\/09\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"This fascinating story finally brings together everything that scientists have learned about the origin of polar bears, in clear language that non-scientists will understand: not just\u00a0when and where\u00a0the species arose, but exactly\u00a0how\u00a0it happened and why the bears were able to survive repeated cycles of sea ice change, some of unimaginable\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"book\"","block_context":{"text":"book","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=book"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-271.png?fit=840%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-271.png?fit=840%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-271.png?fit=840%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-271.png?fit=840%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":259747,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=259747","url_meta":{"origin":260253,"position":5},"title":"The story of polar bear evolution could not be told without discussing climate change","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/30\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Polar bears arose as a new species because the climate changed and forced some brown bears to colonize the sea ice. Polar bears epitomize the story of\u00a0how evolution works\u00a0but perhaps not quite how you imagined it.","rel":"","context":"In \"brown bears\"","block_context":{"text":"brown bears","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=brown-bears"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00ykBjTq22Cb3YtMmgLCGdHU-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C943&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00ykBjTq22Cb3YtMmgLCGdHU-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C943&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00ykBjTq22Cb3YtMmgLCGdHU-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C943&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00ykBjTq22Cb3YtMmgLCGdHU-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C943&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/00ykBjTq22Cb3YtMmgLCGdHU-1.jpg?fit=1200%2C943&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=260253"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":260282,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260253\/revisions\/260282"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/260265"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=260253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=260253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=260253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}