{"id":257036,"date":"2023-05-12T12:22:20","date_gmt":"2023-05-12T10:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=257036"},"modified":"2023-05-12T12:22:23","modified_gmt":"2023-05-12T10:22:23","slug":"ev-illusions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=257036","title":{"rendered":"EV Illusions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Paul Homewood<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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No one can really say whether widespread adoption of EVs will cut carbon emissions.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


A dozen states have joined California and many countries in passing legislation to ban the sale of conventional cars and push everyone into electric vehicles (EVs), many within the decade. Similarly, in a feat of regulatory legerdemain, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed emissions rules that would effectively require automakers to sell mostly EVs. And of course, the ill-named Inflation Reduction Act, a.k.a. the Green New Deal, gushes subsidies across the EV ecosystem.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


The rush to subsidize and mandate EVs is animated by a fatal conceit: the assumption that they will radically reduce CO2 emissions. That assumption is embedded orthodoxy not just among green pundits and administrators of the regulatory state but also among EV critics, who take issue with a forced transition mainly on grounds of lost freedoms, costs, and market distortions.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


But the truth is, because of the nature of uncertainties in global industrial ecosystems, no one really knows how much widespread adoption of EVs could reduce emissions, or whether they might even increase them. (And no, this has nothing to do with the truth \/ joke that Teslas are coal-fired when fueled at night in many places.) While grid realities will indeed matter more than most realize, the relevant and surprising emissions wildcard comes from the gargantuan, energy-hungry processes needed to make EV batteries. This is one of those technical issues that tends to attract slogans, simplifications, and illusions of accuracy; a better understanding requires some patience.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


EV emissions realities start with physics. To match the energy stored in one pound of oil requires 15 pounds of lithium battery, which in turn entails digging up about 7,000 pounds of rock and dirt to get the minerals needed\u2014lithium, graphite, copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, neodymium, manganese, and so on. Thus, fabricating a typical, single half-ton EV battery requires mining and processing about 250 tons of materials. (These figures hold roughly true for all lithium chemistries.) For the carbon-counters tracking such things, the global mining and minerals sector uses 40 percent of all industrial energy\u2014dominated by oil, coal, and natural gas\u2014and that\u2019s before we take into consideration the massive expansion that would be required to supply all the battery factories planned for widespread EV adoption.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


The inherent uncertainties about calculating real-world EV emissions arise from myriad \u201cknown unknowns\u201d about mining and refining activities. Those all happen elsewhere, upstream, before assembly at a battery or EV factory\u2014that is, before the first mile driven on a grid-supplied kilowatt-hour. Of course, a conventional car also has upstream emissions, though these derive mainly from steel and iron, which account for\u00a0<\/em>85 percent<\/em><\/a>\u00a0of its weight. For conventional cars, those upstream emissions are a minor factor; burning gasoline dominates the CO2 footprint. But the need for far more materials, and different types, dominates an EV\u2019s total footprint. Production of those metals, such as copper, nickel, and aluminum, uses on average three to ten times more energy per pound than does steel production. All the other EV minerals are similarly energy-intense.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


The International Energy Agency (IEA) flagged these realities in a 2021 report. While that report focused on the inadequacy of the supplies of \u201cenergy minerals\u201d (something that has since, finally, become widely known), the researchers noted that upstream CO2 emissions from fabricating an EV can \u201cvary considerably across companies and regions.\u201d Indeed. Changing the source of copper or nickel, for example, can lead to doubling or more than tripling those metals\u2019 emissions intensities, depending on a facility\u2019s age, process types, and locations. Building an EV requires several hundred more pounds of copper than building an internal-combustion car.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Assumptions about aluminum matter too, because EVs also typically require several hundred pounds more of that material, and two-thirds of global aluminum production comes from coal-fired grids in China, Russia, and India. (The U.S. produces just\u00a0<\/em>2 percent<\/em><\/a>.) In general, refineries in China, which account for 50 percent to 80 percent of global \u201cenergy minerals\u201d supply, have emissions\u00a0<\/em>1.5 times greater<\/em><\/a>\u00a0than those in the European Union or U.S.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


A\u00a0<\/em>review<\/em><\/a>\u00a0of dozens of studies of upstream emissions revealed that the bottom-line estimates of EV lifecycle emissions varied by fivefold. It gets worse. That same review found that, across those studies, the median size of the battery assumed for the analyses was\u00a0<\/em>30 kilowatt-hours<\/em><\/a>. But the overwhelming majority of U.S. EVs bought last year sported batteries two to three times bigger. Tripling battery size triples the upstream emissions.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


None of these variabilities appears in government forecasts for \u201czero emissions\u201d cars. In fact, the range of upstream emissions is so wide that it renders meaningless any use of an average number to calculate an EV\u2019s overall carbon footprint. But that\u2019s what analysts do, whether at the IEA or EPA.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Full post<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

No one can really say whether widespread adoption of EVs will cut carbon emissions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":257043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818177,691818073,691818558,691819497,691818266,691818154,691819498],"class_list":{"0":"post-257036","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-electric-vehicles","9":"tag-epa","10":"tag-evs","11":"tag-iea","12":"tag-lithium","13":"tag-net-zero","14":"tag-zero-emissions-cars","16":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0498b1825ce59adc9d040c30a5a607fdc.jpg?fit=1600%2C586&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-14RK","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":287160,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=287160","url_meta":{"origin":257036,"position":0},"title":"New study finds electric vehicles are driven less than gas cars","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"08\/11\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"A new study from researchers at the George Washington University suggests that emissions savings from electric vehicles (EV) might be overestimated. In one of the largest studies on EV mileage to date, researchers at GW and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory examined odometer data from 12.9 million used cars and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"battery electric vehicle (BEV) cars\"","block_context":{"text":"battery electric vehicle (BEV) cars","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=battery-electric-vehicle-bev-cars"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OIG-38.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":281523,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=281523","url_meta":{"origin":257036,"position":1},"title":"The Unseen Emissions: Tire Dust and the Environmental Mirage of Electric Vehicles","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/10\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"From Watts Up With That? https:\/\/www.thedrive.com\/news\/tire-dust-makes-up-the-majority-of-ocean-microplastics-study-finds Just when we thought we had a grip on the major culprits of pollution, a new villain emerges from the shadows. And this time, it\u2019s not the ominous black smoke billowing from exhaust pipes or the industrial chimneys spewing toxins into the atmosphere. 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However, I think that banning the ICE alternative is asinine. Similarly, I like Champagne, but would object on principle to a law\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/00Screenshot-2022-06-03-124456.png?fit=924%2C860&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/00Screenshot-2022-06-03-124456.png?fit=924%2C860&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/00Screenshot-2022-06-03-124456.png?fit=924%2C860&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/00Screenshot-2022-06-03-124456.png?fit=924%2C860&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257036","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=257036"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257036\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":257045,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257036\/revisions\/257045"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/257043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=257036"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=257036"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=257036"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}