{"id":253988,"date":"2023-04-21T18:11:27","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T16:11:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253988"},"modified":"2023-04-21T18:11:31","modified_gmt":"2023-04-21T16:11:31","slug":"are-enso-regime-changes-connected-to-major-climate-shifts-are-we-tipping-to-cooling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253988","title":{"rendered":"Are ENSO Regime Changes Connected To Major Climate Shifts? Are We Tipping To Cooling?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From NoTricksZone<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By\u00a0P Gosselin<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0<\/em>19. April 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

By Gabriel Oxenstierna<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019ve had a La Ni\u00f1a for nearly three years. But now it has officially ended, and ENSO has moved into its neutral phase, the \u201cLa Nada\u201d.[1] The La Ni\u00f1a event lasted three winters in a row, something that has only occurred twice before in modern times: 1973\u20131976 and 1998\u20132001. Both of these followed in response to a very strong El Ni\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The La Ni\u00f1a that has now ended, on the other hand, came after the more neutral winter of 2019\/20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1. Number of months with each ENSO phase for five-year periods from 1950 \u2013 2023<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of months that we have had each ENSO phase in the last 74 years is shown in Figure 1. The La Ni\u00f1as are more frequent than the El Ni\u00f1os. Interestingly, the opposite was true during the rapid warming we had from 1975 \u2013 1999, when El Ni\u00f1os were more common. But then it reverts back again around 1998\/99. Is there a pattern here?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is established in climate science that the climate underwent a profound shift in 1976\/77, related to the ocean currents.[2] In IPCC AR4, they write: \u201cThe 1976\u20131977 climate shift in the Pacific, associated with a phase change in the PDO from negative to positive, was associated with significant changes in ENSO evolution<\/em>.\u201d The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) shifted from a \u2018cold\u2019 to a \u2018warm\u2019 phase during these two years.[3] The ENSO also became dominated by the El Ni\u00f1o phase, which is characterized by warmer temperatures.[4] These changes affected the global climate, and a rapid warming began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But what happened in the years just before 2000? As seen in Figure 1, ENSO reverts to being dominated by the \u2018colder\u2019 La Ni\u00f1a at that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>Figure 2. The PDO index according to\u00a0<\/em>NOAA\/ESRL<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, the PDO also reverts to its cold phase in 1998\u20131999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Are we seeing a shift to a colder phase in the climate here?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To analyze this confluence, we need to look at longer time series. Luckily, there is monthly ENSO data back to 1871.[5] In Figure 3 I have plotted the number of months of each active ENSO phase, collated in 5-year periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>Figure 3. Number of months with the respective ENSO phase, and trend lines. Five-year periods from 1871 to 2023.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An oft-repeated forecast is that global warming will lead to more frequent and stronger El Ni\u00f1os<\/strong>, and a generally more active ENSO.[6][7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, we see no signs of this in the empirical evidence. On the contrary, the trend is in long-term decline for both ENSO phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>Figure 4. De-trended, cumulative total of the MEI ENSO index from 1871\u20132023. Approximate turning points of the PDO are marked with arrows.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The longer-term natural variation for ENSO is clearly seen if we look at the cumulative total<\/em> of the MEI coefficient in Figure 4. MEI varies around zero, it is positive when we have El Ni\u00f1o and negative for La Ni\u00f1a. The cumulative total is what we get when we start with the first value, and then add each succeeding value to the previous total. The advantage of using the cumulative total is that it lays bare the timing of the fundamental shifts in the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We see that ENSO has two distinct long-term states: up or down.
Furthermore, the shift from one to the other seems to be threshold-based.<\/mark><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We have a negative cumulative ENSO trend from 1871\u20131920 since those years saw a strong dominance of La Ni\u00f1a events. During this period, global temperatures were declining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In contrast, the period 1920\u20131944 saw a rapid increase in temperatures and is dominated by El Ni\u00f1o events, as seen in Figure 3. Then comes the cold period from 1945\u201375, dominated by La Ni\u00f1a events and a declining cumulative ENSO index. After that we have a positive trend until 1997\/98, with a rapid increase in global temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, these turning points in ENSO coincide with the reversal of the long-term PDO<\/strong> (marked by arrows in the figure).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a>Figure 5. ENSO often leads the PDO, especially in the La Ni\u00f1a phase.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That ENSO and PDO are climatically connected is well known. Usually, it\u2019s the ENSO that leads the shifts in the PDO cycle, see Figure 3d in [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The standard explanation for the 1976\/77 climate shift is that the period before that was cold due to a lot of aerosols in the atmosphere that reduced the amount of warming solar radiation.[8] But around those years, the warming forcing from CO2 took over the cooling aerosols, the narrative goes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cannot be explained by CO2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CO2 has been increasing monotonically throughout the modern era, and aerosols increased monotonically up until about 1980.[9] Thus, it is unreasonable that more than one<\/em> of the climate shifts in the modern era can be explained by the relationship of CO2 to aerosols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is more likely that climate shifts are due to confluences between different natural variations that we can observe in various climate indices. We can see, for example, that also the long-term variations in the AMO<\/a> and SOI<\/a> show similar turning points to the cumulative ENSO and the PDO, as in figure 4.[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Are we currently in a shift towards a colder climate?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

One indication of that, is that we\u2019re still quite far away from the previously observed threshold levels in the cumulative ENSO index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A note on ENSO indexes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ENSO variation between La Ni\u00f1a\/Neutral\/El Ni\u00f1o is defined by different indices. The traditional one is called NINO 3.4, which picks up temperature differences in two regions in the Pacific ocean. If the average value is below -0.5 degrees three months in a row, it is classified as La Ni\u00f1a, above 0.5 it is El Ni\u00f1o, where the numbers refer to the temperature deviation in two areas of the Pacific Ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The MEI.v2, which is used in this article, is an alternative index, which weighs together five different variables: sea surface air pressure, sea surface temperature, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, and outgoing longwave radiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The MEI uses the same numerical scale as for Nino 3.4, but the amplitude differs. MEI.v2 exists from 1979 and the earlier MEI index exists from 1950, and in a reconstruction back to 1871. This is what the raw data looks like for the MEI.v2 index:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a Alert System<\/em>, https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/blogs\/march-2023-enso-update-no-more-la-ni%C3%B1a<\/a> see also:
https:\/\/www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/products\/analysis_monitoring\/enso_advisory\/ensodisc.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] The 1976-77 Climate Shift of the Pacific Ocean<\/em>, Miller and 4 co-authors, 1994, Oceanography, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5670\/oceanog.1994.11<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] A new dynamical mechanism for major climate shifts<\/em>, Tsonis and 4 co-authors, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007GL030288<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Revisited<\/em>, Newman and 14 co-authors, Journal of Climate 2016, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0508.1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Data from NOAA. https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov\/enso\/mei.ext\/table.ext.html<\/a>
Enso has also been reconstructed for the latter half of the Holocene, about 6000 years back in time: Changes in ENSO Activity During the Last 6,000 Years Modulated by Background Climate State<\/em>, Soon-Il An and 2 co-authors, https:\/\/www.docdroid.net\/QmS34GN\/101002-at-2017gl076250.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Emergence of climate change in the tropical Pacific<\/em>, Ying and 6 co-authors, Nature 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-022-01301-z<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Increased ENSO sea surface temperature variability under four IPCC emission scenarios<\/em>, Cai and 5 co-authors, Nature 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-022-01282-z<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] See, for example, the article at Skeptical Science, Why did climate cool in the mid-20th Century?<\/em>, https:\/\/skepticalscience.com\/global-cooling-mid-20th-century-advanced.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Rethinking the Lower Bound on Aerosol Radiative Forcing<\/em>, B. Stevens, 2015, https:\/\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00656.1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

We\u2019ve had a La Ni\u00f1a for nearly three years. But now it has officially ended, and ENSO has moved into its neutral phase, the \u201cLa Nada\u201d.[1] The La Ni\u00f1a event lasted three winters in a row, something that has only occurred twice before in modern times: 1973\u20131976 and 1998\u20132001. Both of these followed in response to a very strong El Ni\u00f1o.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":253996,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818076,691818829,691818827,691818826,691818825,691818828,691818830],"class_list":{"0":"post-253988","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-co2","9":"tag-enso","10":"tag-ipcc-ar4","11":"tag-la-nada","12":"tag-la-nina-2","13":"tag-pacific-decadal-oscillation-pdo","14":"tag-pacific-ocean","16":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0la-nina-versus-el-nino-winter-weather-pattern-comparison-north-america.png?fit=1438%2C689&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-144A","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":339497,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=339497","url_meta":{"origin":253988,"position":0},"title":"NOAA Criteria Suggest Full-Fledged La Ni\u00f1a Unlikely in 2024 \u2013 Even A Single La Ni\u00f1a Threshold Unlikely During the Indian Southwest Monsoon","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"13\/08\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Concluding from the above analysis, Enso Neutral conditions will prevail for JJA2024 and at the end of August, since only four months will be left in the current year 2024 full-fledged La Nina cannot be established, even if La Nina thresh hold is achieved in any of the four months\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate Prediction Center (CPC)\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate Prediction Center (CPC)","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-prediction-center-cpc"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-La-Nina.jpeg?fit=1200%2C806&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-La-Nina.jpeg?fit=1200%2C806&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-La-Nina.jpeg?fit=1200%2C806&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-La-Nina.jpeg?fit=1200%2C806&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/0-La-Nina.jpeg?fit=1200%2C806&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":394004,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=394004","url_meta":{"origin":253988,"position":1},"title":"La Ni\u00f1a Continues \u2026 Globe To Keep Cooling For Another Year","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"09\/08\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The NASA\/GMAO ENSO forecasts remain consistent with the August 2025 forecasts, with La Ni\u00f1a conditions developing in the equatorial Pacific in the\u00a0relevant Nino region 3.4\u00a0in the NH summer of 2025.","rel":"","context":"In \"August 2025 forecasts\"","block_context":{"text":"August 2025 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https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMUpiyhLXxuLhNnl114bqceWGgyrYTTZPBJB8DMA7Xm9k7JVJY5PL1TjxPX_Mcu2dg5_JTRiZzH7dFT2rEWKOORIpXsZS8X-HLQz02bOa_drYDTxOw8tTrFur3bHTL5YJjzaL3o7l1Uap0DH3jsHdqIdwQhBA-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQMUpiyhLXxuLhNnl114bqceWGgyrYTTZPBJB8DMA7Xm9k7JVJY5PL1TjxPX_Mcu2dg5_JTRiZzH7dFT2rEWKOORIpXsZS8X-HLQz02bOa_drYDTxOw8tTrFur3bHTL5YJjzaL3o7l1Uap0DH3jsHdqIdwQhBA-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":301633,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=301633","url_meta":{"origin":253988,"position":2},"title":"Strong El Nino Conditions Prevails at The End of January 2024","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"13\/02\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The classification of El Ni\u00f1o events, including the strength labels, is somewhat subjective and can vary among meteorological and climate agencies. There isn\u2019t a strict rule defining the specific number of consecutive Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI) values that must be 2.0\u00b0C or above to categorize an El Ni\u00f1o event as\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"climate model\"","block_context":{"text":"climate model","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-model"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/00el_nino_globe.v2.jpg?fit=1200%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/00el_nino_globe.v2.jpg?fit=1200%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/00el_nino_globe.v2.jpg?fit=1200%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/00el_nino_globe.v2.jpg?fit=1200%2C600&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/00el_nino_globe.v2.jpg?fit=1200%2C600&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":213244,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=213244","url_meta":{"origin":253988,"position":3},"title":"ENSO update: La Ni\u00f1a continues","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"12\/08\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"It could still be active into next spring, according to some forecasters. Unusual by its own historical (back to 1950) standards.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-424.png?fit=1101%2C879&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-424.png?fit=1101%2C879&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-424.png?fit=1101%2C879&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-424.png?fit=1101%2C879&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-424.png?fit=1101%2C879&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":392991,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=392991","url_meta":{"origin":253988,"position":4},"title":"Climate Oscillations 11: Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI)","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/08\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index or\u00a0ONI\u00a0is NOAA\u2019s primarily indicator for monitoring the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the critical Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region. It is a 3-month running mean of ERSST.v5 SST anomalies in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region, defined as 5\u00b0N-5\u00b0S and 120\u00b0W-170\u00b0W. Figure 1 shows the ONI as computed from\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate Oscillations\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate Oscillations","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-oscillations"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQM1yAaYgc1bunnkL8sOya59GvZHjD_7bkZrzDUL-2lGvUsGLIqQqF5EzSbr9km0FznsGchR2yu1uYa27QNY9M5TCyvKhSKOrqmybFoQYq7emW8CIFtdzadrzmD3h9CLnJ9z-eskLA-ycD0KPsxFPlqIEgUS-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQM1yAaYgc1bunnkL8sOya59GvZHjD_7bkZrzDUL-2lGvUsGLIqQqF5EzSbr9km0FznsGchR2yu1uYa27QNY9M5TCyvKhSKOrqmybFoQYq7emW8CIFtdzadrzmD3h9CLnJ9z-eskLA-ycD0KPsxFPlqIEgUS-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQM1yAaYgc1bunnkL8sOya59GvZHjD_7bkZrzDUL-2lGvUsGLIqQqF5EzSbr9km0FznsGchR2yu1uYa27QNY9M5TCyvKhSKOrqmybFoQYq7emW8CIFtdzadrzmD3h9CLnJ9z-eskLA-ycD0KPsxFPlqIEgUS-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQM1yAaYgc1bunnkL8sOya59GvZHjD_7bkZrzDUL-2lGvUsGLIqQqF5EzSbr9km0FznsGchR2yu1uYa27QNY9M5TCyvKhSKOrqmybFoQYq7emW8CIFtdzadrzmD3h9CLnJ9z-eskLA-ycD0KPsxFPlqIEgUS-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/0AQM1yAaYgc1bunnkL8sOya59GvZHjD_7bkZrzDUL-2lGvUsGLIqQqF5EzSbr9km0FznsGchR2yu1uYa27QNY9M5TCyvKhSKOrqmybFoQYq7emW8CIFtdzadrzmD3h9CLnJ9z-eskLA-ycD0KPsxFPlqIEgUS-1.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":303496,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=303496","url_meta":{"origin":253988,"position":5},"title":"The Coming Collapse Of El Nino and The Ramifications on The Atlantic Basin Tropical Season","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"20\/02\/2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Above-normal sea surface temperatures continue this month across most of the equatorial part of the Pacific Ocean, but there are signs that this El Nino episode which began about a year ago will flip to La Nina conditions (colder-than-normal) by the early part of the 2024 summer season.","rel":"","context":"In \"2024 Atlantic Basin\"","block_context":{"text":"2024 Atlantic Basin","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=2024-atlantic-basin"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0el-nino-la-nina.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0el-nino-la-nina.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0el-nino-la-nina.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0el-nino-la-nina.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0el-nino-la-nina.webp?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/121246920"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=253988"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":253999,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253988\/revisions\/253999"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/253996"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=253988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=253988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=253988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}