{"id":253627,"date":"2023-04-19T10:24:17","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T08:24:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253627"},"modified":"2023-04-19T10:24:53","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T08:24:53","slug":"mercury-thermometers-versus-probes-in-automatic-weather-stations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253627","title":{"rendered":"Mercury Thermometers Versus Probes in Automatic Weather Stations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Jennifer Marohasy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By\u00a0jennifer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has replaced most of its mercury thermometers with platinum resistance probes in automatic weather stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My assessment of nearly twenty years of parallel data from Mildura, and just three years of parallel data from Brisbane airport, indicates that the probes can record both hotter and colder than the mercury, but are not<\/em> equivalent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statisticians are notorious for disagreeing about the most appropriate statistical test to apply, but nevertheless should at the very least provide the name of the test undertaken and the level of significance, as a lawyer would detail the case law referenced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bureau claims an assessment of the full 2019 to 2022 period for Brisbane Airport finds no statistically significant difference between the probe and mercury thermometer. But without providing any details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More generally, their climate scientist, Blair Trewin, claims the parallel data \u2013- temperature series recorded using a mercury thermometer and a platinum resistance probe at the same sites and at the same time \u2013- are not significantly different across their network of some 700 automatic weather stations though as far as I can tell there is only parallel data for 38 sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My analysis of the three years of Brisbane Airport parallel data \u2014 only recently made available following years of wrangling over an FOI request with the Bureau \u2014 shows that 41% of the time the probe is recording hotter than the mercury, and 26% of the time cooler. The difference is statistically significant (paired t Test, n = 1094, p < 0.05).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The differences are not randomly distributed, and there is a distinct discontinuity after December 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I initially thought that this step-change from an average monthly difference of minus 0.28 C in December 2019 to plus 0.11 in January 2020 (a difference of nearly 0.4C) represented recalibration of the probe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bureau has denied this, explaining there was a fault in the automatic weather station that was immediately fixed and operating within specifications from January 2020 onwards. After January 2020, the probe can record up to 0.7C warmer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I have been asking for all<\/em> the parallel data to be made public, beginning with requests for data from Wilsons Promontory lighthouse back in 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011, an expert panel commented that throughout the last 100 years, Bureau \u2018guidance\u2019 has allowed for a tolerance of \u00b10.5 \u00b0C for field checks of either in-glass (mercury) or resistance thermometers (probes), and for this reason the Panel did not<\/em> rate the observing practices of the Australian panel amongst international best practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is time for another expert assessment, and for all the parallel data held by the Bureau to be made public. There should be 15 years in total of parallel data for Brisbane airport and a similar amount for another 37 of the Bureau\u2019s 700 official weather stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I will be talking about these issues this afternoon on TNT radio with the legendary Chris Smith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wednesday, 19th April @ 2.30pm Australian Eastern Standard Time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Listen on the internet:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

tntradio.live<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So far, the Bureau has claimed a variety of reasons for not making the parallel data public. In the case of the Brisbane airport data, it initially claimed that manually scanning the handwritten A8 report would be too onerous. When the FOI request by John Abbot ended up with the Information Commissioner the Bureau somewhat bizarrely claimed that the parallel data for Brisbane airport did not exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While providing me with nearly 10,000 scanned A8 reports for Mildura back in 2017 after the intervention of then Environment Minister Josh Frydenberg, the Bureau continues to withhold some key pages pertaining to September 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I can only estimate likely differences between the probe and a mercury for the month of September at Mildura until this parallel data is made public. In the meantime, the Bureau stands by its claim that the temperature of 37.7C recorded by the probe at Mildura on 22rd September 2017 is a new hottest record back to 1889, even though temperatures were recorded with different equipment back then, with a mercury thermometer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

An A8 Report that shows the manually recorded temperatures from the mercury and also the probe at Brisbane Airport on 15th October 2021.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has replaced most of its mercury thermometers with platinum resistance probes in automatic weather stations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":253635,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818452,691818686,691818687],"class_list":{"0":"post-253627","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-brisbane-airport","9":"tag-mildura","10":"tag-the-australian-bureau-of-meteorology","12":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0SE_thermometer_banner.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-13YL","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":253857,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253857","url_meta":{"origin":253627,"position":0},"title":"Parallel Temperature Data, Except for Cape Otway Lighthouse","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"04\/21\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"On two occasions the probe recorded 0.7\u00b0C warmer than the mercury.","rel":"","context":"In \"Australia\"","block_context":{"text":"Australia","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=australia"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00Cape-Otway-Lighthouse.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00Cape-Otway-Lighthouse.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00Cape-Otway-Lighthouse.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00Cape-Otway-Lighthouse.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/00Cape-Otway-Lighthouse.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":255424,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=255424","url_meta":{"origin":253627,"position":1},"title":"Bureau Can\u2019t Dodge Differences in Temperature Data","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"05\/01\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Since Graham Lloyd\u2019s article \u2018Mercury Rising in BOM probe row\u2019 was published on the front page of The Weekend Australian earlier this month, there has been some confusion regarding the availability of the parallel temperature data.","rel":"","context":"In \"Brisbane airport\"","block_context":{"text":"Brisbane airport","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=brisbane-airport"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0SE_thermometer_banner.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0SE_thermometer_banner.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0SE_thermometer_banner.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0SE_thermometer_banner.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0SE_thermometer_banner.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":242624,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=242624","url_meta":{"origin":253627,"position":2},"title":"AAT Hearing about Hyping Maximum Daily Temperature \u2013 Friday 3rd February","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/01\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"We, the Australian public, are continually told by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology that global temperatures need to be restricted to within 1.5C above the pre-industrial era. Further the Bureau attributes the \u2018dramatically increased rate of observed hot record breaking in recent Australian temperatures\u2019 to human-caused global warming.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-1354.png?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-1354.png?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-1354.png?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-1354.png?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-1354.png?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":244394,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=244394","url_meta":{"origin":253627,"position":3},"title":"Hyping Maximum Daily Temperatures (Part 6)","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/19\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"While Alice Springs is a globally important weather station, I doubt it is reliably recording temperatures.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/00Screenshot-2023-02-19-180755.png?fit=911%2C679&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/00Screenshot-2023-02-19-180755.png?fit=911%2C679&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/00Screenshot-2023-02-19-180755.png?fit=911%2C679&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/00Screenshot-2023-02-19-180755.png?fit=911%2C679&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":243802,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=243802","url_meta":{"origin":253627,"position":4},"title":"Hyping Maximum Daily Temperatures (Part 5)","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"02\/08\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"When the Bureau called a new record hot day for 23rd September 2017, based on the instantaneous spot value from a platinum resistance probe in an automatic weather station at Mildura, I wanted to know the maximum temperature recorded by the mercury thermometer on that day as a check.","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-324.png?fit=1200%2C443&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-324.png?fit=1200%2C443&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-324.png?fit=1200%2C443&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-324.png?fit=1200%2C443&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-324.png?fit=1200%2C443&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":240645,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=240645","url_meta":{"origin":253627,"position":5},"title":"Hyping Daily Maximum Temperatures (Part 1)","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"01\/20\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) regularly claims new record hot days, and Australian scientist report that heat records are now 12 times more likely than cold ones. 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