{"id":253222,"date":"2023-04-16T17:53:59","date_gmt":"2023-04-16T15:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253222"},"modified":"2023-04-16T17:54:02","modified_gmt":"2023-04-16T15:54:02","slug":"notes-on-florida-torrential-rainfall-and-ft-lauderdale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=253222","title":{"rendered":"Notes on Florida Torrential Rainfall and Ft. Lauderdale"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Science Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By\u00a0Ron Clutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Concerning reports that 25 inches of rain fell in one day on Fort Lauderdale, some historical context is provided by the Florida Climate Center article\u00a0Anticipating Heavy Rain in Florida.<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Excerpts in italics with my bolds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Florida<\/strong>\u00a0is situated within a part of the United States where\u00a0torrential rain is a common occurrence.<\/strong>\u00a0Torrential rain is here\u00a0defined as at least 3 inches in a single day.<\/strong>\u00a0Rain of at least this magnitude is far\u00a0more frequent along Florida\u2019s coasts<\/strong>\u00a0than in its interior. The Panhandle and the Gold Coast experience such weather events more than elsewhere in the state. Except for North Florida, rainstorms are heavily\u00a0concentrated in the warm months.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Mid- latitude low pressure systems, that pass over or near North Florida in the winter, often produce heavy rain. As a consequence that part of the state has no seasonal concentration.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\u00a0distribution<\/strong>\u00a0of torrential rain\u00a0throughout the state is much more uneven<\/strong>\u00a0during years\u00a0when<\/strong>\u00a0they are\u00a0most frequent<\/strong>\u00a0than when few such storms occur.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the 51 years of daily observations for 48 weather stations no cyclical pattern of torrential rain was discerned.<\/strong>\u00a0However, when data were organized by Enso phase it was shown that\u00a0during the La Ni\u00f1a phase torrential rainfall,<\/strong>\u00a0especially of 5 inches or more in a day, was\u00a0more frequent than during the phase named El Ni\u00f1o.<\/strong>\u00a0This was\u00a0most true of South Florida stations.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Florida lies within a broad region\u00a0along the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains of the southeastern U.S.<\/strong>\u00a0that experiences\u00a0frequent episodes of torrential rain<\/strong>\u00a0(Map 1).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Torrential rain in<\/strong>\u00a0Florida<\/strong>\u00a0is here defined as three inches or more in one calendar day. Rain of this magnitude contributes approximately\u00a0ten percent of the total precipitation<\/strong>\u00a0that falls on the state, more in some parts of it, less in others.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Along\u00a0the coasts<\/strong>\u00a0of both northwestern and southeastern Florida\u00a0torrential rain makes the heaviest contribution<\/strong>, while in the interior of the peninsula it contributes the least. For several decades a Florida weather station held the nations record for the most rain to fall in a 24-hour period.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yankeetown,<\/strong>\u00a0a small fishing port on the northwestern side of the peninsula, during\u00a0September 5th, 1950 was swamped by 38.7 inches of rain.<\/strong>\u00a0The village retained the national record until\u00a0July 25th-26th, 1979 when 43 inches fell on Alvin, Texas,<\/strong>\u00a0situated between Houston and Galveston.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This record still stands.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Torrential rain, since it is usually accompanied by intense atmospheric turbulence, has the potential of causing much\u00a0property damage<\/strong>, as well as the destruction of\u00a0agricultural crops and livestock.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Florida<\/strong>\u00a0is especially vulnerable to flooding because it\u00a0is both low and flat.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the sandy soils of the Peninsula are capable of absorbing water rapidly, their ability to absorb large amounts is limited because\u00a0the water table is normally very close to the surface<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most of the state\u2019s\u00a0densely populated areas are situated on the shore<\/strong>\u00a0of either the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, and are especially vulnerable to rainstorms. Not only are such\u00a0storms more frequent<\/strong>\u00a0than in the interior of the state, but a large share of the urban area is covered by pavement and roofs, which concentrate runoff into low areas. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most of Florida\u2019s cities today have adequate\u00a0storm drainage systems<\/strong>\u00a0to meet the demands of a sudden intense downpour,\u00a0but flooding, sometimes on a major scale, does occur.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The reader should be aware that the\u00a0amount of daily precipitation,<\/strong>\u00a0especially from the cooperative weather stations, which constitute the majority, is\u00a0not necessarily that which fell between one midnight and another.<\/strong>\u00a0Cooperative weather stations usually depend heavily on non-professional volunteers who read the gauges when it is convenient, hopefully each day at a time agreed upon. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Few are read at or near midnight. Only a small number of Florida stations record hourly precipitation. Consequently,\u00a0a rainstorm may begin during one calendar day and end in another.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The total rainfall of the storm would then be shared by two days, and although it may be higher than three inches,\u00a0if no calendar day had a total of three inches it would not be counted.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

It should be noted that the monthly frequencies of torrential rain, if graphed,\u00a0do not conform to a bell shaped curve,<\/strong>\u00a0increasing to a peak in the hottest month of the year. Instead, the curve is bi-modal, there being\u00a0two peaks, one in June and the other in September.<\/strong>\u00a0It is presumed that the June peak is the result of the state then coming strongly under the influence of the intertropical convergence zone, and the September peak is due to the greater frequency in that month of tropical low pressure systems such as tropical storms reaching the state.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Note Fort Lauderdale is in a torrential rain hotspot just north of Miami.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

South Florida gets a significant part of its torrential rain during Springtime.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\u00a0ENSO (El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation) phenomenon,<\/strong>\u00a0which has been given much justified attention in recent years, is now generally regarded as being able to influence climate over a huge area of the world. It would be irresponsible to ignore the possibility that it\u00a0could influence the frequency of Florida rainstorms.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To ascertain if there is a relationship the three phases of Enso (El Ni\u00f1o, La Ni\u00f1a, and the neutral phase) the frequency of rainstorms were calculated by ENSO phase (Table 4). There does appear to be a relationship, and it doesn\u2019t seem to be spurious. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\u00a0share of the 48 Florida weather stations that reported no torrential rainstorms<\/strong>\u00a0during a year is somewhat\u00a0higher during the El Ni\u00f1o phase<\/strong>\u00a0than the other two. The share of stations that reported only one storm during the years of the El Ni\u00f1o phase also was higher than the share of those that were reported in the La Ni\u00f1a phase. Thereafter, except for the shares of the \u2018four storm\u2019 category, the La Ni\u00f1a phase produced more torrential storms than the El Ni\u00f1o phase.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In South Florida, It has become generally accepted that in La Ni\u00f1a years precipitation is generally wetter than during the El Ni\u00f1o phase<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the data we might conclude that weather controls that become important during this phase also promote\u00a0a higher frequency of torrential rain.<\/strong>\u00a0The neutral phase of Enso has little to no effect upon the frequency of Florida\u2019s rainstorms, some neutral years producing many more episodes of torrential rain than others.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In conclusion it would be derelict not to address the issue of the relationship between the frequency of torrential rain in Florida and global warming.<\/strong> In studies of the consequence of global warming on climate the possibility of greater climatic extremes has been predicted, including storms that could produce large amounts of precipitation. This is usually based on the assumption<\/strong> among other factors, that the temperature of the water of the oceans would rise, heating the air above them, increasing evaporation and the air\u2019s ability to hold water vapor and consequently its ability to produce more powerful rainstorms.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 5: Number of times 48 Florida weather stations
experienced at least 3\u2033 of rainfall for
five decades between 1950 and 1999.<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

To ascertain if Florida has been experiencing an increase in the number of storms that produce torrential rain the torrential storm data for the 48 stations within the state which became the primary data source for this study were divided into the five decades between 1950 and 1999 (Table 5).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the average for the 50-year period is compared to the frequency by decade no trend is discovered<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the frequency in earlier decades is compared with the later ones there also appears to be no trend. For example, between\u00a01950 and 1969, during that 20-year period there were 684 episodes<\/strong>\u00a0at the 48 Florida weather stations in which 3 inches or more rain fell in one day, while in the 20-year period between\u00a01980 and 1999 there were 695 episodes, a difference of only eleven episodes.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The frequency of episodes during the year was also examined. An examination reveals, for example, that there were 23 stations between 1950 and 1969 that reported five episodes during the 20-year period, and between 1980 and 1999 the number fell to 20. Such a small drop\u00a0does not suggest an increase in torrential rain over time.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

During the 51 years of daily observations for 48 weather stations no cyclical pattern of torrential rain was discerned.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":253240,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[691818544,691818542,691818541,691818543,691818545],"class_list":{"0":"post-253222","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"tag-flooding","9":"tag-florida","10":"tag-la-nina","11":"tag-rain","12":"tag-weather-stations","14":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/0230412-florida-rain-mn-0900-d53ed0.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-13Se","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":284576,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=284576","url_meta":{"origin":253222,"position":0},"title":"Sky Blame Babet Floods On Climate\u00a0Change","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"22\/10\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Sky News publishing lies like this without any consequences as long as climate change get blamed. After torrential rain amid Storm Babet the nearby river burst its banks and gallons of water flowed through the village of Bettws Cedewain\u00a0(Image: Josh Jones) From NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT By\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Climate change\"","block_context":{"text":"Climate change","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=climate-change"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00Storm-Babet-creates-problems-across-East-Yorkshire-and-Northern-Lincolnshire.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00Storm-Babet-creates-problems-across-East-Yorkshire-and-Northern-Lincolnshire.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00Storm-Babet-creates-problems-across-East-Yorkshire-and-Northern-Lincolnshire.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00Storm-Babet-creates-problems-across-East-Yorkshire-and-Northern-Lincolnshire.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/00Storm-Babet-creates-problems-across-East-Yorkshire-and-Northern-Lincolnshire.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":380498,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=380498","url_meta":{"origin":253222,"position":1},"title":"BBC Weather Whiplash","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"28\/05\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"After weeks of dry, sunny conditions in Scotland, torrential downpours over the bank holiday weekend marked a sudden change in weather.","rel":"","context":"In \"BBC\"","block_context":{"text":"BBC","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?tag=bbc"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-28.-Mai-2025-17_25_28.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-28.-Mai-2025-17_25_28.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-28.-Mai-2025-17_25_28.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-28.-Mai-2025-17_25_28.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/0ChatGPT-Image-28.-Mai-2025-17_25_28.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":284933,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=284933","url_meta":{"origin":253222,"position":2},"title":"What Caused Severe Floods In The 1950s, Sky\u00a0News?","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"25\/10\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Great floods of 1953 The number of bad floods per year did increase from about three in the late 19th century to more than 20 in the early 21st. 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