{"id":236398,"date":"2022-12-27T18:14:31","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T17:14:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=236398"},"modified":"2022-12-27T18:14:37","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T17:14:37","slug":"it-is-time-to-talk-about-capacity-factors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=236398","title":{"rendered":"It is Time to Talk About \u201cCapacity Factors\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"318\" data-attachment-id=\"236400\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=236400\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?fit=974%2C428&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"974,428\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-856\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?fit=723%2C318&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?resize=723%2C318&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-236400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?w=974&amp;ssl=1 974w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?resize=300%2C132&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?resize=768%2C337&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/wattsupwiththat.com\/2022\/12\/27\/it-is-time-to-talk-about-capacity-factors\/?utm_source=rss&amp;utm_medium=rss&amp;utm_campaign=it-is-time-to-talk-about-capacity-factors\">Watts Up With That?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Lars Schernikau, energy economist and commodity trader, Switzerland\/Singapore,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/larsschernikau\/\">https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/larsschernikau\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>It is time to talk about \u201cCapacity Factors\u201d\u200b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"318\" data-attachment-id=\"236400\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=236400\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?fit=974%2C428&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"974,428\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-856\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?fit=723%2C318&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?resize=723%2C318&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-236400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?w=974&amp;ssl=1 974w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?resize=300%2C132&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-856.png?resize=768%2C337&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">In electricity generation,&nbsp;<strong>capacity factor, utilization, and load factor<\/strong>&nbsp;are not the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">A lot of confusion exists in the press and certainly in politics, and even amongst \u201cenergy experts\u201d, about using the term \u201ccapacity factor\u201d. It may be excused, since the distinction made in this article became only relevant with the penetration of variable \u201crenewable\u201d energy, such as wind and solar, in our energy systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Worldwide average solar natural capacity factor (CF) reaches about ~11-13%. Best locations in California, Australia, South Africa, Sahara may have above 25%, but are rare. (see&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsolaratlas.info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.globalsolaratlas.info<\/a>, setting direct normal solar irradiance)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Worldwide average wind natural capacity factors (CF) reach about ~21-24%. Best off-shore locations in Northern Europe may reach above 40%. Most of Asia and Africa have hardly any usable wind and the average CF would be below 15%, except for small areas on parts of the coasts of South Africa and Vietnam. (see&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalwindatlas.info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.globalwindatlas.info<\/a>, setting mean power density)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Natural capacity factors in Europe tend to be higher for wind than for solar. Wind installations in Northern Europe may reach an average of over 30% (higher for more expensive offshore, lower onshore), but less than 15% in India and less than 8% in Indonesia. Average, and the emphasis is on average, annual solar PV capacity factors reach around ~10-11% in Germany, ~17% in Spain, ~25% in California, and may reach 14-19% in India, but they reach less than 15% in Indonesia\u2019s populated areas.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2014\/ee\/c3ee42125b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Carbajales-Dale et al. 2014<\/a>&nbsp;confirm higher capacity factors for wind than for solar; they estimate global average wind capacity factors to be around 21-24% and solar around 11-13% (see figure above).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The figure further below illustrates a two week period in May 2022 (when I wrote this chapter of our book on capacity factors), where the average wind capacity factor reached only ~5% for ALL German wind installations (on- and offshore).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">To avoid confusion, I try to use \u201cnatural capacity factor\u201d in my writing wherever possible<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">&nbsp;The \u201c<strong><em>natural capacity factor (CF)<\/em><\/strong>\u201d is the % of the maximum possible output of the \u201cpower plant\u201d (coal, gas, nuclear, solar, wind, hydro, etc), achieved under the natural conditions of the site, assuming no operational or technological failures or outages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">I define \u201c<strong><em>utilization<\/em><\/strong>\u201d is the % of the power plant\u2019s workable capacity used on average over the year, which is only reduced because of technological, operational, economical outages or curtailments\u2026 completely independent of the CF<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The \u201c<strong><em>net load factor<\/em><\/strong>\u201d \u2013 in my definition \u2013 is then the product of natural capacity factor x utilization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, when we speak of the natural capacity factor, we are only referring to the&nbsp;<strong>nature-derived<\/strong>&nbsp;capacity factor, not the&nbsp;<strong>technological or<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>operationally driven<\/strong>&nbsp;\u201c<strong>utilization<\/strong>\u201d (often referred to as uptime, plant load factor, or PLF). In other words, when technology fails, or a power plant is turned off on purpose, this will reduce the utilization but not the natural capacity factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">As mentioned, the natural capacity factor is due to the site, not the solar PV installation. Thus, even a perfect PV material still needs to deal with natural capacity factors with an annual average of 10-25%, not counting for other losses from conditioning, transmission, balancing, or storing highly intermittent sources of electricity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=3730155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Schernikau and Smith 2021<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The press has mentioned several times that coal or gas have&nbsp;<strong><em>capacity factors<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;of 60% or less on average. This is at best misleading, more likely knowingly wrong for political reasons. However, such a number is not the nature-derived capacity factor; it is the&nbsp;<strong><em>utilization<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;which declines with higher penetration of wind and solar, and contributes to electricity system cost increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Utilization never should and cannot be compared to natural capacity factors, they are very distinct. Conventional power plants have near 100% natural capacity factors, but their operational and technological utilization often falls significantly below 90%, also but not only because of the priority given to wind and solar in the system. Because of their high CF, the&nbsp;<strong><em>net-load factor<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;is only slightly lower than&nbsp;<strong><em>utilization<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;for a convention power plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Because utilization of wind and solar is often near 100%, their\u00a0<strong><em>net-load factor<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is often only slightly lower than their\u00a0<strong><em>natural capacity factor.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"304\" data-attachment-id=\"236402\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=236402\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-857.png?fit=974%2C410&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"974,410\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-857\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-857.png?fit=723%2C304&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-857.png?resize=723%2C304&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-236402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-857.png?w=974&amp;ssl=1 974w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-857.png?resize=300%2C126&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-857.png?resize=768%2C323&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Figure: Germany\u2019s wind generation 25 April to 10 May 2022 during a 2-week wind lull<br>Source: Agora 2022, Figure 10 in Book \u201cThe Unpopular Truth\u2026 about Electricity and the Future of Energy\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Needless to say, the natural capacity factor of wind and solar (even for hydro, because of natural river flows) cannot be predicted or guaranteed for any given time frame. The natural capacity factor can be estimated on an annual basis but still varies widely even annually (see Europe in 2021) and is very erratic, sometimes for days and weeks reaching near 0% for wind and solar, even in top locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Thus<\/strong><strong><em>, natural capacity factors worldwide are a direct result of the location of the wind or solar installation;&nbsp;<u>they do not in any way depend on and cannot be influenced by the technology employed<\/u>.&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>The last point is important\u2026 no technological advances can change the natural availability of wind, solar, or river flows and therefore influence the natural capacity factor for a given installation. Technology CAN and WILL improve how much usable electricity you get out of the natural input product (wind, solar, river flow, gas, coal, uranium, etc)\u2026 this is called conversion efficiency and their limits are discussed further below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Since the easy locations have already been \u201cused up\u201d, one can expect average natural capacity factors to decline over time\u2026 contrary to what Net-Zero plans assume (see International Energy Agency (IEA), McKinsey &amp; Company, or International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">For a photovoltaic (PV) park, the&nbsp;<strong><em>natural capacity factor<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;CF depends entirely on the intensity and duration of the sunlight, which is affected by seasonality and cloudiness, day and night, and the ability to maintain the PV panel surface\u2019s transparency, e.g., dust in the Sahara or snow in winters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Wind farms\u2019 natural capacity factors depend on the site\u2019s wind speed distribution and the saturation speed of the wind turbine. The CF of a wind turbine is determined by the number of hours per year in which the wind farm operates at or above the saturation wind speed (<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=4096843\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Smith and Schernikau 2022<\/a>). If the design wind saturation speed is set low, e.g., 4-5 m\/s, the wind farm produces little energy, even for high capacity factors. Typically, wind saturation speeds are 12-15 m\/s.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">It now becomes obvious why the installed capacity needs to be much larger for wind and solar than for dispatchable power such as nuclear, coal, gas, or hydro. This significant relative increase in energy generation capacity to produce the same available, but unpredictable, energy output is coupled with a significantly higher raw material input and energy input factor for variable \u201crenewable\u201d energy which must be offset from any fuel savings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>#Germany<\/strong>&nbsp;is a good example: Total installed power capacity more than doubled in the past 20 years, essentially all consisting of wind and solar (see figure below)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wind and solar installed capacity is now above 125GW, more than 150% higher than peak power demand in Germany of around 80GW<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Germany\u2019 conventional installed power capacity consisting of coal, gas, and nuclear still barely matches peak power demand<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With all this capacity addition in Germany, wind and solar made up less than 30% of total electricity generation in 2021 and about 5% of total energy consumption<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"354\" data-attachment-id=\"236404\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?attachment_id=236404\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?fit=1039%2C509&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1039,509\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"image-858\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?fit=723%2C354&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?resize=723%2C354&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-236404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?resize=1024%2C502&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?resize=300%2C147&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?resize=768%2C376&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-858.png?w=1039&amp;ssl=1 1039w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Figure: German installed power capacity, electricity production, and primary energy<br>Source: Schernikau Research and Analysis based on Fraunhofer 2022, AGE 2021, Agora 2022<br>Figure 7 in Book \u201cThe Unpopular Truth\u2026about Electricity and the Future of Energy\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The low natural capacity factor of wind and solar installations \u2013 without any doubt \u2013 is one of the key reasons for their low net-energy efficiency (<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4000800\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4000800<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The low natural capacity factor of wind and solar installations \u2013 without any doubt \u2013 is one of the key reasons for their low net-energy efficiency (<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4000800\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4000800<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>On Conversion Efficiency<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Below figure summarizes energy conversion efficiencies for wind and solar and the laws they follow. Conversion efficiency measures the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms, thus after accounting for capacity factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wattsupwiththat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-202.png?resize=831%2C345&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10229071\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure: Laws of physics limit technological improvements for wind and solar<br>Source: Schernikau and Smith Research and Analysis, Figure 11 in Book \u201cThe Unpopular Truth\u2026 about Electricity and the Future of Energy\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">For more Details please see our book \u201c<strong><em>The Unpopular Truth\u2026 about Electricity and the future of Energy<\/em><\/strong>\u201d (on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/a.co\/d\/5CVMELv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Amazon<\/a>)\u2026 or&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unpopular-truth.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.unpopular-truth.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article can also be accessed at<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/time-talk-capacity-factors-lars-schernikau\">https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/time-talk-capacity-factors-lars-schernikau<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>#Germany\u00a0is a good example: Total installed power capacity more than doubled in the past 20 years, essentially all consisting of wind and solar 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runs out of spare capacity, makes bullish case for oil","author":"uwe.roland.gross","date":"19\/06\/2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Mohammed Barkindo, the secretary general of OPEC, has warned that \u201cOPEC is running out of capacity,\u201d and that \u201cwith the exception of two or three members, all are maxed out.\u201d PHOTO BY REUTERS\/DADO RUVIC\/ILLUSTRATION\/FILE PHOTO Eric Nuttall explains at Financial Post\u00a0OPEC running out of spare capacity confirms our multi-year bull\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/0opec-0613.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/0opec-0613.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/0opec-0613.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, 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