{"id":236173,"date":"2022-12-26T11:10:57","date_gmt":"2022-12-26T10:10:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=236173"},"modified":"2022-12-26T11:11:04","modified_gmt":"2022-12-26T10:11:04","slug":"biodiversity-unwisely-aims-to-be-eden","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=236173","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity Unwisely Aims to be Eden"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

More realistic is to take on Noah\u2019s responsibility selecting species to survive on the ark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Science Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Ron Clutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ronald Bailey\u2019s article at Reason is The Myth of Wild Nature and Creating a New Form of Paradise. <\/strong><\/a> Excerpts in italics with my bolds and added images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A review of the new book Tickets For The Ark, by Rebecca Nesbit<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Earlier this month, a \u201clandmark U.N. biodiversity agreement\u201d was adopted by delegates from 190 countries at the Fifteenth Conference of Parties\u00a0(COP15)<\/strong>\u00a0of the U.N. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Convention on Biological Diversity\u00a0in Montreal.<\/strong>\u00a0The chief goal of the new Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)<\/strong>\u00a0is that \u201cthe integrity, connectivity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or restored,\u00a0substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050.<\/strong>\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The GBF asserts that around 25 percent of assessed plant and animal species are threatened,\u00a0suggesting<\/strong>\u00a0that around\u00a01 million species may already face eventual extinction<\/strong>\u00a0unless action is taken.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The GBF specifies that by 2030, 30 percent of Earth\u2019s lands, oceans, coastal areas, and inland waters are \u201ceffectively conserved\u201d and that restoration be completed or underway on at least 30 percent of degraded terrestrial, inland waters, and coastal and marine ecosystems.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, 17 percent and 10 percent of the world\u2019s terrestrial and marine areas respectively are under protection.<\/strong>\u00a0In addition, the GBF aims to reduce annual subsidies\u00a0harmful to biodiversity (e.g., biofuels, fisheries, fossil fuels)<\/strong>\u00a0by $500 billion; and to\u00a0cut food waste in half<\/strong>\u00a0by 2030.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ecologist Rebecca Nesbit in her new book, Tickets For The Ark: From Wasps to Whales \u2013 How Do We Choose What To Save?, launches a sustained frontal attack on the \u201cmyth of wild nature.\u201d<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesbit hammers home the\u00a0absolutely correct<\/strong>\u00a0point that there is\u00a0no objective scientific standard<\/strong>\u00a0providing some kind of\u00a0value-neutral ecological baseline<\/strong>\u00a0toward which conservation should aim. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since there is no goal or end state toward which any particular ecosystem is heading,\u00a0who is to say that landscapes and ecosystems modified by human activities are somehow inferior?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIdeas about pristine nature<\/strong>\u00a0invoke a state that nature was in before humans affected it,\u201d Nesbit notes. \u201cThe trouble is that\u00a0humans<\/strong>\u00a0have played a role in\u00a0shaping nature for roughly 2.5 million years.<\/strong>\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

She explains that\u00a0species and ecosystems do not have intrinsic value. Instead, humans confer value on them.<\/strong>\u00a0This realization \u201cshould be liberating,\u201d she argues, because it makes us \u201cfree to discuss logically\u00a0what we should save and why, and not just fight an anti-extinction battle that is doomed to failure<\/strong>.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesbit notes that \u201cThe resources we dedicate to conservation will never be enough to prevent all extinctions, and we are forced to choose our priorities.\u201d As she makes plain,\u00a0it\u2019s tradeoffs all of the way down.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consequently, her goal isn\u2019t to tell readers how we should choose what to save. Instead, she provides a series of case studies showing<\/strong> that human choices guided by our ethical and aesthetic values are inevitable regarding biological conservation.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s take a look at a few of the\u00a0conservation tradeoffs<\/strong>\u00a0that Nesbit highlights. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example,\u00a0due to<\/strong>\u00a0centuries of\u00a0sheep grazing,<\/strong>\u00a0the prehistoric\u00a0birch forests<\/strong>\u00a0that once covered Norway\u2019s craggy mountains have been\u00a0replaced by meadows.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many\u00a0Norwegians prefer the hiking and skiing<\/strong>\u00a0opportunities and magnificent views\u00a0made possible by sheep meadows<\/strong>\u00a0to dense birch forests. \u201cThis recent baseline for what the natural world should look like has no more moral relevance than a prehistoric baseline, yet it is\u00a0the form of nature that Norway now aspires to protect,<\/strong>\u201d she notes.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another example<\/strong>\u00a0is the effort to preserve the flightless brown and white striped\u00a0Guam rail.<\/strong>\u00a0That bird was driven to near extinction by\u00a0introducing brown tree snakes<\/strong>\u00a0to the island, which\u00a0ate its chicks and eggs<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1987, the 22 remaining rails were put in a captive breeding facility. The good news is that rails from the captive breeding project have\u00a0now<\/strong>\u00a0been\u00a0released on snake-free islands<\/strong>\u00a0near Guam where they have established self-sustaining populations.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesbit, however, asked the biologists overseeing rail conservation\u00a0what happened to the Guam rail louse<\/strong>\u00a0that lived only on that species. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As standard practice, the\u00a0conservationists had cleared<\/strong>\u00a0the captured birds of\u00a0their parasites<\/strong>, thus bringing about the extinction of that parasitic insect.\u00a0Is the rail more valuable than the louse?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

And who says so? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conservationists cannot avoid such questions as they choose among species to try to save some from extinction.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflicts of values are inherent in conservation.<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe people who benefit from wildlife protection are seldom the ones who pay the price,\u201d Nesbit observes. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDifferent people and wildlife benefit from different management, so inevitably there will be opposing outlooks. But it\u2019s an advance if, at least, we recognize that\u00a0there is no historic baseline to aspire towards<\/strong>.\u201d She illustrates how opposing outlooks played out in with the\u00a0case of seals versus salmon in Scotland\u2019s Moray Firth.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seals compete with local fishers for the salmon, so\u00a0fishers were licensed by the Scottish government to kill seals.<\/strong>\u00a0On the other hand,\u00a0tour operators argued for protecting the seals<\/strong>\u00a0that thousands of visitors came to see in the wild. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While no one side was entirely happy, a series of stakeholder discussions led to\u00a0an agreement in which fishers could cull \u201crogue\u201d seals.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDispensing with the idea that there is an objective \u2018natural\u2019 state of nature opens up huge possibilities for what conservation can achieve,\u201d she argues.<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the\u00a0possibilities<\/strong>\u00a0is using biotechnology to install\u00a0a blight-resistant wheat gene in American chestnuts<\/strong>. Literally, billions of these forest giants succumbed to an introduced fungus in the 20th century. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new blight-resistant trees could be restored to their native range in the Appalachian Mountains. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even more ambitiously, biotechnology could\u00a0combine<\/strong>\u00a0the recently decoded\u00a0genetics of extinct wooly mammoths with those of Asian elephants<\/strong>\u00a0to restore them to the Arctic.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, Nesbit urges us to free \u201courselves from the shackle of believing that species \u2018belong\u2019 only in their past ranges\u201d so that we can\u00a0\u201copen up possibilities for assisted colonizations.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conservationists could move creatures threatened with extinction in their home ranges to others where they would be protected and allowed to thrive. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, Nesbit notes that\u00a0Chinese water deer are declining in their native Asian range but are expanding in various parts of Europe.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesbit also stands firmly against eco-colonialism.<\/mark><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The GBF\u2019s goal of protecting 30 percent of the world\u2019s landscapes and seascapes must not become instances of what Nesbit calls\u00a0\u201cfortress conservation,\u201d in which local people are banished from their lands and livelihoods<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWith Indigenous lands representing about a quarter of the Earth\u2019s land surface, there is huge potential for synergy between wildlife conservation and upholding Indigenous rights,\u201d argues Nesbit. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

She cites a recent World Bank study that found\u00a0community-managed forests are more effective at reducing deforestation than strictly protected areas<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hopefully, the signatories to the GBF will uphold its commitments toward \u201crecognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesbit concludes, \u201cNow that we have shaken off the idea of an unobtainable \u2018pure\u2019 nature, we can embrace the possibilities that come from celebrating nature in its many forms. We\u2019re not doomed to simply mourn a paradise lost, we\u2019re free to create a new form of paradise.\u201d Let\u2019s get at it.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also\u00a0Extinction Hype and Dubious Biodiversity COP15 in Montreal<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Source: Phanerozoic_Biodiversity.png Author: SVG version by Albert Mestre<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnote: A Sample of Math Humor<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

After Noah sent out the dove that returned, and landed the ark, he released the animals two by two and told them: \u201cGo forth and multiply.\u201d  Noah checked on the progress of the various species, and discovered that two snakes had not reproduced.  When confronted, the snakes responded:  \u201cWe can\u2019t multiply.  We\u2019re adders.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Noah pondered the dilemma, then went to cut trees in the forest.  After building a table with the wood, he again addressed the snakes.  \u201d  You no longer have an excuse.  Even adders can multiply on a log table.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LOL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

More realistic is to take on Noah\u2019s responsibility selecting species to survive on the ark. Ronald Bailey\u2019s article at Reason is The Myth of Wild Nature and Creating a New Form of Paradise.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121246920,"featured_media":236174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-236173","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-uncategorized","9":"fallback-thumbnail"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/0arkdreamstime-1200x675-1.webp?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxLW1-Zrf","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":216979,"url":"https:\/\/climatescience.press\/?p=216979","url_meta":{"origin":236173,"position":0},"title":"How 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interact in groups is being upset by ocean acidification and global warming. \u201cFish show gregarious behaviour and cluster in shoals which helps them to\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/0Low-Res_1024px-Caesio_teres_in_Fiji_by_Nick_Hobgood-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/0Low-Res_1024px-Caesio_teres_in_Fiji_by_Nick_Hobgood-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/0Low-Res_1024px-Caesio_teres_in_Fiji_by_Nick_Hobgood-1.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/climatescience.press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/0Low-Res_1024px-Caesio_teres_in_Fiji_by_Nick_Hobgood-1.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 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But research by James Cook University, in Australia, suggests that Raine Island has actually been growing in recent years. 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